<p>Qaqaluit Island  is one of eastern Baffin Islands small, offshore, uninhabited islands, located in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut. Along with Padloping Island and Durban Island, it is situated off Cumberland Peninsula within Davis Straits Merchants Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Its characteristics include coastal cliffs and rocky shores.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Harp seal, polar bear, and walrus frequent the area.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>The newly created Qaqulluit National Wildlife Area extends beyond the island to also include the Reid Bay Important Bird Area on Baffin Island.</p><br>
<p>Located on the island&#39;s northeastern tip, Cape Searle is another a Canadian Important Bird Area, an International Biological Program site and a Key Terrestrial Bird Habitat site.</p><br>
<p>The Wilkes County Courthouse is a historic government building and clock tower located in the city of Washington, Georgia, the seat of Wilkes County. The latest in a string of courthouses in the countys history, the current building was completed in 1904 and since that date has been the official home of Wilkes Countys Superior Court, and the base of the county&#39;s government. On September 18, 1980, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>County court</h3><br>
<p>Wilkes County, Georgia is one of the eight original counties created by Georgias first state constitution on February 5, 1777, and the only county then not previously colonized or settled. A wilderness frontier with a handful of newcomers, Wilkes County was devoid of infrastructure. When the pioneers of Wilkes convened their first court on August 25, 1779, it was held in a private residence, the first of many transient venues during the countys infancy.</p><br>
<p>In 1780, the Georgia Legislature called for the establishment of the town of Washington. With the town to serve as a seat of government, court proceedings could be given a dedicated, regular venue. Wilkes County Court found its first permanent venue in a room at the local tavern, which effectively served as official courtroom until 1785. The tavern occupied part of the same lot where currently stands today&#39;s courthouse.</p><br>
<h3>Previous courthouses</h3><br>
<p>By 1785, a new, independent building constructed of logs became Wilkes County&#39;s first genuine courthouse. According to a plaque on the present courthouse lawn, the log courthouse was replaced after only a year by a clapboard-style courthouse, which served the county from 1786-1804. Both the log and clapboard courthouses stood in what is today the public square in Washington. The next building had two stories and was originally the residence of Italian immigrant and USA patriot, Major Ferdinand Phinizy, who sold the house to Wilkes County Commissioners. Courthouse number three served the county between 1804-1817.</p><br>
<p>A Federal-style, brick structure in 1817 became Wilkes countys next courthouse and the first in Georgia to feature a clock tower. This most recent among Wilkes former courthouses stood in the center of Washington&#39;s public square and served the county until 1904, when it was replaced by the current courthouse, then demolished.</p><br>
<h3>Courthouse site</h3><br>
<p>Washington in the 1890s was rife with rumors regarding railroad development and potential prosperity for Wilkes County. This fueled a push for civic projects and improvements by which the community hoped to more strongly lure railroad investment. The replacement of the 1817 courthouse soon became one such project, and before the century was out, County Commissioners had purchased the lot across from their existing courthouse, where in a few years they would build its replacement.</p><br>
<p>Already standing on said lot was a three-story 1824 structure known as the Heard House (not to be confused with Heard&#39;s Fort) or the old Georgia State Bank building. As the American Civil War was nearing its end, this building was the place where the President of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis, convened the final session of the Confederate Cabinet. At this May 4, 1865 meeting the government of the Confederate States of America was officially dissolved. Despite this unique distinction in Southern and USA history, the building was razed to make way for the new courthouse. The events of 1865 are commemorated today with a plaque and a granite monument in front of the County Courthouse, as well as a Georgia Historical Society Marker about Jefferson Davis.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Wilkes County, Georgia Courthouse and clock tower were designed by architect Frank Pierce Milburn, who was heavily influenced by the Richardsonian Romanesque and Romanesque Revival styles of architecture. It was originally constructed between 1903 - 1904 using sand-colored brick accented by red brick and natural stone. The total cost of the original construction was $40,000.</p><br>
<p>The courthouses original design and construction included extensive detail work around the base of the roof and elaborate ornamentation across the roof as a whole, plus a Gothic accented clock tower which nearly doubled the buildings total height. These aspects of the original 1904 construction were destroyed in 1958, as a fire ravaged the courthouse&#39;s top half. As a result of the fire, the building was tower-less and capped by a flat roof for more than three decades until a restoration effort took place in 1989.</p><br>
<p>A partial restoration, the project restored a roof which approximates the original design, and a clock tower, albeit much shorter than the original. The ornamental detailing evident in the 1904 roof and Gothic embellished clock tower were omitted from the 1989 restoration due to limited project budget.</p><br>
<p>Wilkes County Courthouse was nominated for the USA National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) as part of a Multiple property submission (or MPS). The Georgia County Courthouses MPS included a select group of fifty-two of the state&#39;s former and current County Courthouses which were chosen based on their historical significance in the areas of architecture, communications, economics, law, and politics/government. All the properties in the Georgia County Courthouses MPS were accepted to the NRHP on September 18, 1980.</p><br>
<h3>Additions</h3><br>
<p>A new jail wing was added in 1911 onto the rear of the courthouse. A plaque mounted on the jails exterior commemorates the first hanging to occur there. The December 5, 1911 execution from the third floor gallows happened before the jails official dedication in January 1912.</p><br>
<p>A substantial addition was built upon the rear of the courthouse in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Today&#39;s Wilkes County Courthouse continues to operate in its traditional capacity.</p><br>
<p>It remains the location of The Superior Court of Wilkes County, which is a branch of the Toombs Judicial Circuit of the Tenth Judicial Administrative District of the Courts of Georgia, presides over jury trials, rules on evidence, hears motions, and renders verdicts in bench trials. Superior Court Judges are constitutionally elected to four-year terms of office.</p><br>
<p>Other judicial bodies under the Courts of Georgia that are housed within the county courthouse include the Magistrate Court of Wilkes County and the Probate Court of Wilkes County.</p><br>
<p>Meetings of the five-member Wilkes County Board of Commissioners convene at the courthouse. The courthouse also houses the office of the County Administrator.</p><br>
<p>Sơn Đoòng Cave , is a solutional cave in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park, Bố Trạch District, Quảng Bình Province, Vietnam. it has the largest known cave passage cross-section in the world, and is located near the Laos–Vietnam border. Inside is a large, fast-flowing subterranean river. It was formed in Carboniferous/Permian limestone and is believed to be between 2 and 5 million years old.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>Hang Sơn Đoòng was found by a local man named Hồ Khanh in 1991. The whistling sound of wind and roar of a rushing stream in the cave heard through the entrance as well as the steep descent prevented the local people from entering the cave. Only in 2009 did the cave become internationally known after a group of cavers from the British Cave Research Association conducted a survey in Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng from 10 to 14 April 2009. Their progress was stopped by a large, 60 m high calcite wall, which was named the Great Wall of Vietnam. It was traversed in 2010 when the group reached the end of the cave passage.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>According to the Limberts, the main Sơn Đoòng cave passage is the largest known cave passage in the world by volume – 38.4e6 m&sup3;. It is more than 5 km long, 200 m high and 150 m wide. Its cross-section is believed to be twice that of the next largest passage, in Deer Cave, Malaysia. The cave runs for approximately 9 km and is punctuated by 2 large dolines, which are areas where the ceiling of the cave has collapsed. The dolines allow sunlight to enter sections of the cave which has resulted in the growth of trees as well as other vegetation.</p><br>
<p>The cave contains some of the tallest known stalagmites in the world, which are up to 70 m tall. Behind the Great Wall of Vietnam were found cave pearls the size of baseballs, an abnormally large size.</p><br>
<h2>Tourist activities</h2><br>
<p>In early August 2013, the first tourist group explored the cave on a guided tour at a cost of US$3,000 each. Permits are required to access the cave and are made available on a limited basis, with 800 permits available for the 2017 season, which runs from February to August. After August, heavy rains cause river levels to rise and make the cave largely inaccessible. is currently the only expedition company with permits to enter the cave for tourism purposes.</p><br>
<h2>Development plans</h2><br>
<p>Plans are being considered to build a cable car through the cave. The proposed system would be 10.5 km long, and cost between $112 and $211 million. The plans are opposed by environmentalists.</p><br>
<p>Baillarge Bay is an Arctic waterway in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is the second waterway to press eastward from Admiralty Inlet into Baffin Island. The southern point of its mouth is named Ship Point.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Characterized by open sea, coastal cliffs, and rocky marine shore habitat, the elevation rises up to 610 m above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The uninhabited bay is a Canadian Important Bird Area (#NU067) stretching 15 km up the coastline to Elwin Inlet. It is also an International Biological Program site (Region 9, #7-7) and Key Migratory Bird Terrestrial Habitat site (NU Site 19).</p><br>
<p>A sizeable population of northern fulmars are found here. Caribou, polar bears, and walruses, as well as harp seals, ringed seals, and white whales frequent the area.</p><br>
<p>The Furkelpass is a mountain pass in South Tyrol, Italy.</p><br>
<p>The Furkelpass also Furkelsattel or simply the Furkel called (Ladin Ju de Furcia, Italian Passo Furcia), is a 1789 m high mountain pass in the Dolomites. The pass lies between the 2275 m high Kronplatz in the north and the 2507 m high Piz da Peres in the south and links the towns of Olang in the Puster Valley and San Vigilio in Mareo. The pass marks the linguistic border between the German and Ladin speaking areas of northern Italy.</p><br>
<p>The climb is 19 km long and rises 744 meters, with a maximum gradient of 15%. The road has repeatedly attracted the Giro d&#39;Italia (in 1981, 1994, 1997, 2004, 2006, 2008 and 2010), and the "Transalp" (crossing of the Alps by bicycle).</p><br>
<p>The pass is open in winter. As it crosses the Plan de Corones skiing resort, skiers are routed via a bridge over the pass road. From the pass, there is a direct connection to the Kronplatz and to San Vigilio.</p><br>
<p>Since 2003 there has been an artificial lake on the pass, which is required for artificial snow.</p><br>
<p>The Abram Gaar House and Farm or known as the Gaar Mansion is a wooden Second Empire-style farm home located in Richmond, Indiana, built in 1876 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The home was built by industrialist Abram Gaar, president of Gaar-Scott and Company, manufacturers of steam engines and threshing machines from 1842-1911. Total construction cost of the home was $20,000 it took eight months to build. The house is situated on a rise overlooking the city of Richmond from the north. Gaar hired John A. Hasecoster, the area&#39;s leading architect of the day to design the house and his original plans drawn on linen sheets are on display at the house today.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>In the 1970s, Joanna Hill Mikesell, granddaughter of the builder and his wife Agnes restored the home which had remained in her family since it was built. Most of the original fabric of the house remains intact and historic windows, front porch fittings, and interior elements were found in storage on the property and returned to the house during restoration. She established the non-profit Agnes and Abram Gaar Foundation to assume ownership of the house, its contents and a few outbuildings. The Foundation operates the house as a historic house museum.</p><br>
<h2>Collection</h2><br>
<p>The home holds a significant collection of Victorian decorative arts including nearly all the original Eastlake style furnishings, some of which were purchased from the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. Original bills of sale for furniture from Mitchell and Rammelsberg Furniture Company in Cincinnati, Ohio, are also part of the collection. in addition to the house and furnishings, the Foundation&#39;s collection holds a number of archival items relating to the history of the Gaar-Scott company and the Gaar family.</p><br>
<p>Indian Field Methodist Campground is a camp meeting site for the Methodist Church in Dorchester County, South Carolina. It is on SC Route S-18-73, off US Route 15, about 5 mi north of Saint George. Indian Field was built in 1848 and has been a site for religious gatherings for over 160 years. It was named a historic district of the National Register of Historic Places on March 30, 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Religious camp meetings played an important role in the growth of some Protestant denominations in the early 19th century in rural parts of the United States. These meetings served a much wider population than a single church. Camp meetings usually lasted around a week and were social as well as religious occasions for the participants. A typical camp meeting site started with a brush arbor surrounded by tents and wagons. Often a chapel or "tabernacle" was built to replace the arbor and wooden cabins called "tents" were built to replace actual tents.</p><br>
<p>The Indian Field United Methodist Church is located on USA Highway 15 about 2 mi north of the campground and just south of USA Highway 178. This church began in 1787. Its first building was about 3 mi east of the unincorporated Rosinville community at the intersection of USA Highways 15 and 178. The second church was built around 1819 near the current church. The third church was finished in 1886. The current church was completed in 1955.</p><br>
<p>The first Indian Field Campground was held on a farm in the late 18th century. It was probably located near the first church building. Bishop Francis Asbury noted in his journal that he preached at "Indian Fields" on December 21, 1801 and January 13, 1803. His journal does not say if he preached at the campground or the church. Other sources indicate that this campground was established in 1810.</p><br>
<p>In 1838, the campground was moved to the present site. The existing campground was constructed in 1848. It was restored in 1970.</p><br>
<p>On February 25, 1995, an intentional fire burned several structures at the campground. The person who set the fire was never apprehended.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The existing campground consists of the central tabernacle surrounded by ninety-nine cabins of wooden construction. These cabins are referred to as "tents". Although is frequently stated that the tents are arrayed in a circle,</p><br>
<p>The tabernacle is a wooden pavilion with a gablet roof. The roof has exposed rafters and is supported by wooden posts. The pavilion has a raised preacher&#39;s stand at its northern end and three sections of wooden pews. It seats over 1,000.</p><br>
<p>The "tents" have a metal roof and are of two stories. The internal layout of each tent varies, but typically each has two upstairs bedrooms with a central stairway. The downstairs usually has a dining area towards the front and another bedroom at the rear. Historically the occupants of the upstairs bedrooms were divided by gender, while the downstairs bedroom was reserved for the older members of the family. The downstairs rooms may be connected with a hallway, or the rooms may have individual exterior doors. The downstairs areas have dirt floors that are typically covered with straw during camp meetings. The cooking area is below a shed attached to the rear of the tent. There is a wood-burning brick or cinderblock fireplace under the cook shed, and usually a small room for the cook&#39;s quarters. A typical floor plan of the larger cabin has been published.</p><br>
<p>The single-story preacher&#39;s cabin is larger and taller than the other cabins. It has a four-panel door flanked by two-over-two light windows.</p><br>
<p>There is a paved road around the campground. Outside this road, each cabin has a privy. Historically there were shared water wells in front of the cabins and stands for blazing pine knots to light the area at dark, however currently each tent has water and electric service.</p><br>
<p>Additional pictures of the campground have been published.</p><br>
<p>Badger&#39;s Island is located in the Piscataqua River at Kittery, Maine, directly opposite Portsmouth, New Hampshire. It carries U.S. Route 1 between the states, connecting to the Kittery mainland by the Badger&#39;s Island Bridge, and to New Hampshire by the Memorial Bridge. Now largely a suburb of Portsmouth, the island features houses, condominiums, restaurants and marinas.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Shipbuilding center</h3><br>
<p>Prior to the Civil War, Badgers Island was famous for shipbuilding. Eastern white pine for masts, together with lumber for hulls, arrived down the Piscataqua River from inland forests. Only two tenths of a mile (322 m) from Portsmouths busy wharves, the islands gradual slope into the deep channel between was ideal for launching vessels. First called Rising Castle Island, it changed to Langdons Island when John Langdon established his shipyard. The first U. S. Navy ships commissioned by the Continental Congress were built here by master shipbuilder James Hackett, including USS Ranger in 1777. One of his apprentices working on Ranger was William Badger. Acquiring 3 acre on the island in 1797, he would dominate its shipbuilding until his death in 1830, launching more than 100 ships, including naval vessels, merchant vessels and privateers. The region produced many fine shipbuilders, including his nephew Samuel Badger, but William Badger, called Master Badger, is best known. He is buried on the island that bears his name.</p><br>
<p>In 1837, Frederick Fernald purchased Badgers shipyard. In 1844, he joined William Pettigrew to establish Fernald & Pettigrew, which would produce some 30 ships. Among their output was a series of clipper ships, including the Typhoon. Launched in 1851, Typhoon set a sailing record to Liverpool, England—13 days, 10 hours dock to dock. Known as the "Portsmouth Flyer," it was the largest merchant ship yet seen in that port. But Badgers Island would lose its importance as a shipbuilding center. The industry shifted downriver to Fernald&#39;s Island, home since 1800 to the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard.</p><br>
<p>USA Navy vessels built on Badger&#39;s Island:</p><br>
<p>1776 — - (22-gun Frigate)—depicted on the Seal of New Hampshire</p><br>
<p>1777 — - (18-gun Sloop-of-war)—commanded by John Paul Jones</p><br>
<p>1782 — - (74-gun Ship of the line)—presented by Congress to Louis XVI of France</p><br>
<p>1791 — - (14-gun Schooner)—one of the first ten revenue service cutters</p><br>
<p>1797 — - (36-gun Frigate)—a tribute vessel for Algiers</p><br>
<p>1798 — - (24-gun Sloop-of-war)—funded by the citizens of Portsmouth</p><br>
<p>1799 — - (38-gun Frigate)—fought in the War of 1812</p><br>
<p>Clipper Ships built by Fernald & Pettigrew:</p><br>
<p>1851 -- Typhoon, 1,611 tons</p><br>
<p>1852 -- Red Rover, 1,021 tons</p><br>
<p>1852 -- Young Australia, 766 tons</p><br>
<p>1853 -- Water Witch, 1,204 tons</p><br>
<p>1853 -- Dashing Wave, 1180 tons</p><br>
<p>1854 -- Express, 1073 tons</p><br>
<p>1854 -- Midnight, 962 tons</p><br>
<p>1855 -- Noonday, 1189 tons</p><br>
<h3>Ferry terminus for electric railway</h3><br>
<p>Badgers Island became a terminus for the Kittery, a ferry which delivered passengers across the swift Piscataqua River from Portsmouth to the landing and waiting room of the Portsmouth, Kittery & York Street Railway. Beginning in 1897, the company ran streetcars through Kittery Point and across the salt marshes of Brave Boat Harbor to York Harbor and York Beach, the summer resort. In November 1901, it became part of the Portsmouth, Dover and York Street Railway. The trolley line remained in service until 1923 when the Memorial Bridge opened, the first bridge spanning the river without a toll. The section of Route 1 across the Badgers Island Bridge to Kitterys John Paul Jones Memorial Park, with its Sailors and Soldiers&#39; Monument by Bashka Paeff, was a City Beautiful plan to complement the Memorial Bridge.</p><br>
<p>The North Broadway Historic District in Tupelo, Mississippi, is a 4 acre historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The district consists of one block of North Broadway Street. In its NRHP nomination it was said to "represent a rare example of an intact late- nineteenth and early twentieth century Tupelo streetscape, in a community which saw most of its pre-1936 housing stock destroyed in a devastating tornado."</p><br>
<p>The district includes 13 properties, each with a wood-frame house. Eight of the houses were deemed to contribute significantly to the historic character of the district, while five contributed marginally.</p><br>
<p>The significantly contributing properties are:</p><br>
<p>308 Jefferson Street (c. 1895), a 2-story Queen Anne-style/Colonial Revival-style house with 2-story porches wrapping around two sides. The original first-floor wooden porch columns had been replaced by stucco-covered masonry. (See photo #1 of attached photos)</p><br>
<p>315 N. Broadway (c. 1895), an L-shaped vernacular cottage with East Lake-style woodwork on its front porch. (Photo #2)</p><br>
<p>323 N. Broadway (c. 1905), a 2-story structure with front porch supported by slender classical columns. A circular gazebo-like unit was once attached, but was removed. Has beveled siding. (Photo #3)</p><br>
<p>316 N. Broadway (c. 1900) a 1-1/2-story gable-front structure with chamfered corners at left side of facade. Its 1-story porch with turned columns is a replacement believed to be quite similar to the original. Photo #13</p><br>
<p>322 N. Broadway (c. 1900), a 1-story hipped-roof house with a front-facing gable and a 1-story front porch supported by classical columns atop brick piers. This has Queen Anne-style textured woodwork inside its gable (photo #12).</p><br>
<p>330 N. Broadway (c. 1905), a 2-story structure with two front-facing gables. One-story porch supported by turned columns. Beveled siding. (photo #10)</p><br>
<p>342 N. Broadway (c. 1900), another L-shaped cottage, this with a projecting gable at left side of front facade that has chamfered corners with jig-sawn brackets. A c.1920 porch addition has square, classical piers on brick bases. Beveled siding. (photo #8)</p><br>
<p>346 N. Broadway (c. 1905), another L-shaped cottage, this with square, classical columns supporting its front porch. with beveled siding. (Photo #7)</p><br>
<p>The five marginal properties are:</p><br>
<p>326 N. Broadway (c. 1905), photo #11</p><br>
<p>336 N. Broadway (c. 1900), (photo #9)</p><br>
<p>354 N. Broadway (c. 1920), (Photo #6)</p><br>
<p>360 N. Broadway (c. 1915), (photo #5)and</p><br>
<p>364 N. Broadway (c. 1915). (photo #4)</p><br>
<p>Dragontail Peak, also known as Dragon Tail, The name was officially accepted in 1955.</p><br>
<p>The mountain, which lies in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness, bordered by Mount Stuart, Little Annapurna, and Cannon Mountain, is composed of a granite formation that creates the Stuart Range. Dragontail is the second highest mountain in the range, second only to Mount Stuart which lies 3.2 mi to the west and reaches 9,415 ft.</p><br>
<p>The two needles, on ridge southwest of the summit which gave rise to its name, serve as formidable alpine climbing objectives that demand more than 20 pitches of sustained climbing. The area around Dragontail Peak is dominated by wilderness and is protected from development.</p><br>
<p>The Enchantments, to northeast of Dragontail, is an area of towering peaks, year-round snow, and alpine lakes. It forms the heart of the Alpine Lakes Wilderness.</p><br>
<p>Morača  is a river in Montenegro. It originates in northern Montenegro, under Rzača mountain. It generally flows southwards for some 113 km, before emptying into Lake Skadar.</p><br>
<p>In its northern part, the Morača is a fast mountain river, and has cut a canyon north of Podgorica. After merging with its largest tributary, Zeta, just north of Podgorica, the Morača enters the Zeta plain. It flows through this flat area of Montenegro until it empties into Lake Skadar.</p><br>
<p>The Morača is a relatively small river, rarely more than 100 m wide and mostly shallow, so it is generally not navigable. Its canyon is a corridor for the main road leading from Montenegro&#39;s coast and Podgorica to northern Montenegro and Serbia. This road is considered very dangerous, and will likely be bypassed in future by a motorway which is currently being planned.</p><br>
<p>The Morača River is considered one of the symbols of Podgorica, and is the biggest river that flows through the city. It is featured on some flags and country symbols.</p><br>
<p>The famous Morača monastery, founded in 1252 by Stefan, son of Vukan Nemanjić, king of Zeta, is situated to the north part of the river&#39;s canyon.</p><br>
<p>The Church of St Michael in Milverton, Somerset, England dates from the 13th century, on the site of an even earlier chapel, and has been designated as a Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<p>The church is built of red sandstone with Hamstone dressings. The carved benches date from the mid 16th century. In 1850 St Michael&#39;s was extended and repaired by Exeter-based architect John Hayward.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The parish Church of St Michael in Milverton was designated as a Grade I listed building on 25 January 1956. Some of the original thirteenth century structure remains at the base of the tower but the building dates mostly from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. It was restored between 1849 and 1850. It is constructed of red sandstone rubble stone with Hamstone dressings, and slate roofs. The plan consists of a four bay nave, four bay north and south aisles, each extending one bay further east than the nave, a south, fourteenth century porch and a west tower. The tower is tall and set at an oblique angle to the rest of the building. It is built in three stages and has crenellations, pinnacles at the top corners and diagonal buttresses. The north wall of the tower was at one time used for playing the racquet game fives. The north wall of the church has stepped buttresses between the windows.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the church is rendered and has octagonal piers supporting asymmetric, double chamfered arches. There are wagon roofs, galleries in both the north and south aisles, and a circular Norman font. The bench ends of the pews are elaborately carved and date to the early sixteenth century. The early twentieth century screen incorporates some pieces of late fifteenth and early sixteenth century carvings.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican parish is part of the benefice of Milverton with Halse, Fitzhead and Ash Priors within the archdeaconry of Taunton.</p><br>
<p>Chopicalqui or Chopicallqui  is a mountain in the Cordillera Blanca area in the Andes of Peru. With a summit elevation of 6,354 m above sea level it is one of the highest peaks of the Cordillera Blanca. It lies in Yungay Province, Ancash, between the mountains Huascarán and Contrahierbas.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>The standard climbing route is the Southwest Ridge, a moderate snow climb that is popular with climbers and can be crowded at times. It possesses a difficulty rating of PD+/AD- on the French System for grading alpine routes but deep snow on the summit slopes causes most failures for parties attempting the ridge.</p><br>
<p>Other established climbing routes include the following:</p><br>
<p>Southeast Ridge (alpine grade TD-).</p><br>
<p>East Face Direct (alpine grade TD).</p><br>
<p>Ausangate or Auzangate  is a mountain of the Vilcanota mountain range in the Andes of Peru. With an elevation of 6,384 metres it is situated around 100 kilometres southeast of Cusco in the Cusco Region, Canchis Province, Pitumarca District, and in the Quispicanchi Province, Ocongate District.</p><br>
<p>The mountain has significance in Incan mythology.</p><br>
<p>Every year the Quyllur Rit&#39;i (Quechua for "star snow") festival which attracts thousands of Quechua pilgrims is celebrated about 20 km north of the Ausangate at the mountain Qullqipunku. It takes place one week before the Corpus Christi feast.</p><br>
<p>The region is inhabited by llama and alpaca herding communities, and constitutes one of the few remaining pastoralist societies in the world. High mountain trails are used by these herders to trade with agricultural communities at lower elevations. Currently, one of these trails, "the road of the Apu Ausangate", is one of the most renowned treks in Peru.</p><br>
<p>The area has four major geological features, the Andean uplift formed by Granits, the hanging glaciers and glacial erosional valleys, the Permian formation with its singular colors: red, ochre, and turquoise and the Cretaceous, limestone forests.</p><br>
<p>Chetlat Island  is a coral island belonging to the Amindivi Subgroup of islands of the Lakshadweep archipelago in India. It has a distance of 1,933 km south of the city of Delhi.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Local history says that islanders were cruelly treated by Portuguese seafarers in the past.</p><br>
<p>Coir twisting was the traditional occupation of the inhabitants and average Chetlat coir used to be equal to first-class coir of the other islands in Lakshadweep.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Chetlat is one of the populated islands of Lakshadweep. It is located 37 km to the northwest of Kiltan Island. The reef and lagoon are located to the west of the island and the total dry land area is 1.174 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>There is a small scale yearly growing sand spit on the northern point of the island.</p><br>
<p>It has a lagoon area of 3.79 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>Chetlat is the sole inhabited island of the township of Chetlat Island of Aminidivi Tehsil.</p><br>
<h2>Economics</h2><br>
<p>The inhabitants on the island are engaged in very small scale farming and fishing which are mainly for the island consumption.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The island has a small jetty on the west coast and a helipad on southpoint.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>Pyramid Island is a Kenyan island whose westernmost point is used to demarcate the border between Kenya and Uganda just north of the 1st degree south parallel in Lake Victoria. It is located close to two adjacent islands, Migingo Island and Usingo Island. Pyramid and Usingo are steep and uninhabitable . The Kenya - Uganda border was delineated by order of the Kenya Colony and Protectorate (Boundaries Order in Council 1926. Excerpts of the same document can be downloaded in pdf format from the US Department of State Library at http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/ibs139.pdf.</p><br>
<p>The other islands associated with the boundary of Uganda and Kenya in Lake Victoria include Sumba, Mageta, Kiringiti, and Ilemba Islands (Whitehouse, R.N. and C.S. Hunter, 1955). The documents above state that the boundary of Uganda runs from the mouth of River Sio in a straight line south-westerly to the most northerly point of Sumba Island. It continues by the western and south-western shores of the island to its most southerly point before following a straight line south-easterly to the most westerly point of Mageta Island. From there it follows a straight line southerly to the most western point of Kiringiti Island, thence follows a straight line southerly to the most western point of Ilemba Island before following a straight line southerly again to the westernmost point of Pyramid Island and continuing in a straight line due south to a point on Latitude 1 south. (Constitution of the Republic of Uganda 1995).</p><br>
<p>The Wendelin Grimm Farmstead is a historic farm near Victoria, Minnesota, United States, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The farm is located within the boundaries of Carver Park Reserve.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The owners of the farm, Wendelin and Julianna Grimm, immigrated from Germany and settled in Carver County, Minnesota in 1859. Wendelin Grimm cleared a section of land, which was part of the Big Woods, and established his farm using native farming methods from Germany. He practiced seed saving and brought a box of seeds named "everlasting clover", which was actually alfalfa. Over the next 15 years, he selected the seeds of the alfalfa plants which survived the harsh Minnesota winters. The result of this process was the first truly winter-hardy alfalfa in North America.</p><br>
<p>By 1890, Carver County had more than 1,000 acre of alfalfa under cultivation. Grimm convinced some of his neighbors to use his seed, and after a number of severe winters around 1895 when all the common alfalfa died, his alfalfa crop started to attract more attention. In 1900, two professors from the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Willet M. Hays and Andrew Boss, visited his farm and were impressed by the thriving crop. A few years later, Hays, who had become the assistant United States Secretary of Agriculture, named the variety "Grimm" alfalfa. Hays recommended the continuing improvement of alfalfa through breeding efforts through the United States Department of Agriculture, and Grimm alfalfa provided the germplasm that provided winter hardiness to new cultivars.</p><br>
<p>Grimm alfalfa became a very important crop, and is now the source of all modern varieties of alfalfa grown on 25,000,000 acre of the United States (an area only slightly smaller than the USA state of Kentucky), with a value of $10 billion annually. University of Minnesota agronomy professor Lawrence Elling called Grimm alfalfa the most important crop development in North America until the invention of hybrid corn.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>Hennepin County Park Reserve District (now Three Rivers Park District) acquired the farm property in 1962 when Carver Park Reserve was established, and the farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. In 1993, the Minnesota Historical Society noticed that the state was losing historic agricultural sites, and it identified the Grimm farm as a high priority for stabilization and preservation. The Minnesota State Historic Preservation Office and the Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources conducted a reuse study and soon began emergency stabilization of the farmhouse. This involved vandalproofing the windows and doors, replacing the roof, and rehabilitating the foundation. In 1998-99, the interior restoration began, and was completed in 2001. On October 6, 2001, the completion was celebrated with an open house.</p><br>
<p>Located in Carver Park Reserve, the site is now known as Grimm Farm Historic Site and is open to the public during education and special programs.</p><br>
<p>Crawford Depot, also known as Maine Central Passenger Railway Station, is a historic passenger railroad station at the top of Crawford Notch in the Bretton Woods area of the town of Carroll, New Hampshire. Built in 1891, it is a surviving emblem of the importance of the railroad in the area&#39;s history as a tourist destination, and is one of the finest examples of Queen Anne railroad architecture in northern New England. Now home to a visitors center operated by the Appalachian Mountain Club, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It is also the northern terminus of most trains on the "Notch Train" service of the Conway Scenic Railroad.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Crawford Depot is located a short way north of the height of land of Crawford Notch, a glacially formed gorge in New Hampshires White Mountains carrying the Saco River southward from its headwaters at Saco Lake. The depot is set with United States Route 302 to the east, at the northwestern end of Saco Lake, and the railroad tracks formerly of the Maine Central Railroad Mountain Division to the west. The Appalachian Mountain Clubs Crawford Notch Highland Center is located just to the north.</p><br>
<p>The depot is a small rectangular single-story wood-frame structure, with a hip roof. The main roof has a cornice studded with sawn brackets, but only covers the structure. A lower roof provides shelter around the exterior for pedestrians; it is supported by large knee brackets, and has a band of decorative moulding at the edge. An octagonal turret projects from the building&#39;s northwestern corner. The building exterior is clad in a variety of wooden clapboards and shingles. The main entrance is on the track side. The interior has wooden finishes, and includes a stone fireplace.</p><br>
<p>The railroad line through Crawford Notch was opened in 1867 by the Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad, and had a transformative effect on the local economy. Tourists were drawn in large numbers to the areas scenic beauty, and large resort hotels were built at the top of the notch to satisfy this demand. The only one to survive is the Mount Washington Hotel, the others having succumbed to fire or demolition. (The AMCs Highland Center is on the location of the Crawford House hotel, which burned in 1972.) The Portland and Ogdensburg was taken over by the Maine Central Railroad in 1888, and this depot was built in 1891. It was one of the most elaborate stations built by that railroads Mountain Division, because of its prominent location. The 1887 station foremans house (built in 1887, burned in 1972), was also prominently visible and shared some of its features, while other nearby stations, while also exhibiting Queen Anne features, were less ornate. It presently serves as a visitor center and shop operated by the Appalachian Mountain Club. To its south stands the platform of the Conway Scenic Railroad.</p><br>
<p>The Church of St George in Ruishton, Somerset, England was built in the 14th to 16th centuries and has been designated as a grade I listed building.</p><br>
<p>The south chapel was built in the 14th and 15th centuries. Work started on the new church around 1533 and the roof above the nave was completed in 1549, although the tower, built in 1533, was never completed. It was built on the site of an earlier Norman church and some features can still be seen at the south door. Another remnant from the earlier church is the font which was carved in about 1380. A gallery in the church was removed during Victorian restoration in 1866.</p><br>
<p>In the churchyard is the remains of a 15th-century cross.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican parish is part of the benefice of Creech St Michael and Ruishton with Thornfalcon within the archdeaconry of Taunton.</p><br>
<p>Immanuel Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal church and cemetery located near Mechanicsville, Hanover County, Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1853 largely through the efforts of George Washington Bassett, grandnephew of Martha Custis Washington, who matched a contribution from St. Pauls Church in Richmond, Virginia. Bassetts farm Clover Lea included the site of the first Anglican church in the area (circa 1684 and about a furlong away). However, disestablishment after the American Revolutionary War led to the abandonment of many structures, as the Anglican Church nearly disappeared despite its change to the Episcopal Church. Its replacement by the 1840s was a dilapidated wood building at a crossroads called "Old Church" and shared by Episcopalians, Baptist and Campbellite (later Disciples of Christ) congregations... Rt.Rev. John Johns, assistant to Rt.Rev. William Meade consecrated the building on April 3, 1854, with Rev. William Norwood, retired from Monumental Church and St. Pauls in Richmond, conducting monthly services for several years. The church was named Immanuel to distinguish it from what had been the Upper Church of St. Pauls parish, that near Hanover court house.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, the congregation had definite Confederate sympathies. Rev. David Carraway served as rector from 1857 until his death in 1869, and before the Battle of Cold Harbor in mid-1864 was only allowed to visit Mr. Bassett and his family under Union guard. Immanuel Church also served as a hospital during the conflict. Battles were fought nearby in the Peninsular Campaign in 1862, and especially the Overland Campaign in 1864.</p><br>
<p>After the war, the devastated area took decades to recover. Bishop John Johns was unwilling to accept funds from the national church, but the dioceses Domestic and Foreign Missionary Fund covered some of the parishs expenses. The Rev. Edwin Habersham nonetheless was able to secure needed repairs and put the parish onto sound financial footing before moving to Oregon. The next long-term rector for Immanuel Episcopal Church and several other parishes nearby (including St. James the Less Church in nearby Ashland, Virginia, as well as Saint Peter’s, New Kent and St. David’s, Aylett, King William county.</p><br>
<p>From 1881 until 1904 (when he inherited property in Maryland and sought transfer to the Diocese of Easton), the shared rector was Rev. Sewell Hepburn (now more famous for his relative, Katharine Hepburn). In 1924, the parish called Rev. Samuel Chilton, who served for seventeen years before accepting a call as suffragan bishop of Virginia. His successor, Rev. Southall, severd for many years before resigning in 1941 to become a diocesan Archdeacon. At various times in the early 20th century, this parish was paired with St. Pauls Church in Hanover, or with St. Davids Church in Aylett. In mid-century, it was paired instead with the new Church of the creator in Mechanicsbille or St. Davids, but Richmonds suburbs were expanding to include this formerly rural area. By 1985 both congregations had become full-time positions, and the parish received a significant bequest after the sale of Clover Lea, which enabled much-needed repairs. Rev. Susan Goff, who served as Immanuel&#39;s rector and Dean of Region 11, was elected suffragan bishop of Virginia, a position she continues to hold today.</p><br>
<p>The current rectory was built in 1957 (to replace a turn of the century rectory) and the current parish house in 1982 (to replace a building completed in 1906). The St. Francis Garden for cremated remains was added in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The one-story, brick building was constructed in the Gothic Revival style. Additions made to the original church in 1881, 1916, and 1967, have given the building a "T"-plan. Surrounding the church on three sides is the contributing church cemetery, which includes several Confederate graves.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Ripley Historic District is a historic district comprising the central portion of Ripley, Mississippi. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed for its significance to community planning and development, commerce, and agriculture. The buildings reflect Ripley&#39;s development as the county seat of Tippah County. The district contains 284 contributing properties and one contributing object, a Confederate memorial. These buildings date from the 1840s through 1954, the end of the period for which the nomination was submitted. The town was founded in 1837, but there are no commercial structures that remain from the pre-American Civil War era.</p><br>
<p>The district is centered on the Tippah County Courthouse, the historic and symbolic central building in the city, which was built in 1928. The courthouse is surrounded by several blocks of commercial buildings, which primarily extend to the north, south, and west and were mostly built between 1910 and 1940. The district includes the former Ripley post office, which is listed separately on the National Register. It also includes the former Tippah County Jail, an Art Moderne building built in 1938; four historic churches; and a variety of houses. The homes in the district are mainly bungalows and Tudor Revival buildings; most were built between 1910 and 1940, though some were constructed as early as the 1840s.</p><br>
<p>Mount Ollivier is a 1,933 m mountain in the Canterbury Region of New Zealand. It is a peak in the Sealy Range, about 2.5 km west of Mount Cook Village. The peak is named after mountaineer Arthur Ollivier, who died in 1897.</p><br>
<p>Mount Ollivier was Sir Edmund Hillarys first major climb, in 1939. After his death in 2008, there was a proposal to rename the peak Mount Hillary as a memorial, a suggestion opposed by Arthur Olliviers family.</p><br>
<p>Since the establishment of a tramping track to Mueller Hut, not far below the summit, the peak is now one of the easiest accessible mountains in the park. The section between Mueller Hut and the summit is a rock scramble rather than a mountain climb.</p><br>
<p>Ascent to Mueller Hut and Mount Ollivier.jpgAscent to Mueller Hut and Mount Ollivier</p><br>
<p>Mueller Hut with Mount Sefton and Mount Cook in the background.jpgMueller Hut with Mount Sefton and Mount Cook</p><br>
<p>View from the summit of Mount Ollivier.jpgView from the summit of Mount Ollivier</p><br>
<p>Grand Gulf Military State Park is a Mississippi state park located 10 miles northwest of Port Gibson in the unincorporated area that is now the ghost town of Grand Gulf, in Claiborne County. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a Mississippi Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The 400-acre landmark includes Fort Cobun and Fort Wade, the Grand Gulf Cemetery, a museum, campgrounds, picnic areas, hiking trails, an observation tower, and several restored buildings dating back to Grand Gulf&#39;s heyday.</p><br>
<p>Grand Gulf was originally a port on the Mississippi River, and in the 19th century before the war shipped thousands of bales of cotton that arrived by rail from Clinton, Mississippi in Hinds County. Its population in 1858 was 1,000 to 1500, and the community had two churches, a hospital, theater, town hall, cotton press, steam saw, and grits mill. It became isolated later after the Mississippi River changed its course to the west, and the town died without access to the river. It became a ghost town after the turn of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Church of St Michael in Stawley, Somerset, England dates from the 13th century and has been designated as a Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<p>The current church stands on the site of an earlier Norman church from which some herringbone pattern walling survives in the nave.</p><br>
<p>Much of the current church was built in early 16th century, paid for by local farmer and trader Henry Howe, who is remembered by a scroll over the door. Additional funding, possibly by the family of John Poulett, 1st Baron Poulett, paid for the tower which displays their coat of arms with three swords.</p><br>
<p>The church register dates from 1528. Despite some minor Victorian restoration in 1873 the church fabric is largely as it would have been in medieval times.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican parish is part of the benefice of Wellington and district within the archdeadconry of Taunton.</p><br>
<p>The Church of St Thomas in the village of Thurlbear, which is in the parish of Orchard Portman, Somerset, England, dates from the 12th century. It has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade I listed building. It is a redundant church in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. The church was vested in the Trust on 1 November 1988.</p><br>
<p>The church shows clear signs of the Norman church upon which later structures were built. Pevsner cites the Norman arcades and narrow aisles characteristic of that era and "never enlarged to satisfy later medieval taste." He dates the church to "hardly later than c. 1110."</p><br>
<p>The Churches Conservation Trust launched a programme of repairs at the church, with the Somerset County Council conducting an archaeological recording and survey in conjunction with these efforts.</p><br>
<p>The Burzil Pass  is an ancient pass and caravan route between Srinagar in Kashmir and Gilgit. This route was active until Pakistan&#39;s independence. The pass lies close to the Line of Control demarcating India and Pakistan, which has since closed the Burzil. The crest of the pass is wide and covered in summer with alpine grass vegetation. The Astor river originates from western slopes of the pass.</p><br>
<p>It is the oldest route connecting Gilgit with Srinagar and Skardu through Deosai Plateau. The travellers used horses and ponies to cross the pass. At the beginning of the 20th century a hut of post couriers was situated on the crest of the pass. They brought mail from India to China.</p><br>
<p>Gilgit is some 367 km</p><br>
<p>From Astore to Burzil Pass Road the following main places are in the route: Gorikot, Astore River Bridge, Maikaal, Dad Khiran, and Chilam Chowki.</p><br>
<p>The Church of All Saints in Trull, Somerset, England has a tower dating from the 13th century; the rest is 15th-century. The building has been designated as a Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<p>The church was served by the monks of Taunton Priory until 1308.</p><br>
<p>The east window, dating from the 15th century, depicts the crucifixion with St John and the Mother of Jesus at the foot of the Cross. The pulpit is believed to date from the 16th century, moving to its current position from the north arcade as part of a Victorian restoration around 1863. The extensive mid-16th century benchends include a unique pre-Reformation procession.</p><br>
<p>The lower portion of the tower is the oldest part of the building, with the south aisle being built in the 14th century and the north aisle in the 15th. The tower holds six bells, two of which were cast before Protestant Reformation.</p><br>
<p>The parish is part of the benefice of Trull with Angersleigh within the Taunton deanery.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad Passenger Station is a historic building located in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. Built in 1898 for passenger use, it was the second depot in the city. The first one was built by the Mississippi and Missouri Railroad, a predecessor of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad , in 1855. This one was built through the efforts of Harry Breene, the local Rock Island agent. W.K. McFarlin, CRI&Ps superintendent of maintenance and construction oversaw the buildings construction. Architecturally, it is a combination of the Richardsonian Romanesque and Victorian Romanesque. The depot was built to similar designs of stations in Ottawa, Illinois and Council Bluffs, Iowa. Service included the CRI&P&#39;s Corn Belt Rocket and Rocky Mountain Rocket passenger lines. The depot ceased operations in 1970, although the railroad continued to maintain offices here. In 1982 it was acquired by a couple of attorneys for their offices. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places the same year. The building sits adjacent to the Iowa Interstate Railroad lines, and the railroad has operated occasional excursion trains that have stopped at the former depot.</p><br>
<p>The Anglican Church of St Mary in West Buckland, Somerset, England has 13th-century origins and has been designated as a Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<p>The church was built, on the site of an earlier Norman structure, between 1275 and 1300. The crenallated three-stage tower was built around 1509. It is supported by diagonal buttresses. It includes six bells, the oldest of which is from 1606. They were cast by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry. In 1838 a gallery was built for the choir and organ, but this was removed in 1891.</p><br>
<p>The interior includes a Purbeck marble font from 1140. In the nave are statues of the 12 Apostles. The stained glass includes work by Clayton and Bell, Charles Eamer Kempe and Michael O’Connor.</p><br>
<p>The parish is part of the Wellington and District benefice within the Diocese of Bath and Wells.</p><br>
<p>Johnies Coffee Shop is a former coffee shop and a well-known example of Googie architecture located on the corner of Wilshire Boulevard and Fairfax Avenue in Los Angeles, California. Architects Louis Armét and Eldon Davis of Armét & Davis designed the building, contributing to their reputation as the premier designers of Space Age or Googie coffee shops—including the landmark Panns coffee shop in Ladera Heights, Norms Restaurant on La Cienega Boulevard, and several Bob&#39;s Big Boy restaurants.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Johnies opened in 1956 as Romeos Times Square. Romeos was in business a few years, becoming Rams in the early 1960s, and Johnie&#39;s shortly thereafter.</p><br>
<p>"Johnies" is spelled in massive neon lights and flashing incandescent lightbulbs on the buildings striped roof. The roof sits on rock columns, sloping down toward the back of the restaurant, ending in a sharp decline that gives the illusion of movement like a spaceship ready to take off. Alan Hess, author of two books on Googie architecture, said, "Johnie&#39;s, and the style it represents, tells us as much about that period in L.A. history as the bungalows of Pasadena told us about the 1900s or the missions told us about 19th century Southern California." He also noted that "The building embodies all of the changes in L.A.: becoming suburban, auto-oriented, also becoming a city of the future."</p><br>
<p>The restaurant was purchased in 1994 by the Gold family, founders of the 99 Cents Only Stores, and closed in 2000. The family leases the Johnie&#39;s parking lot to the Wilshire Boulevard 99 Cents Only outlet two doors away.</p><br>
<p>The restaurant is perhaps best known as the setting for much of the first act of the 1988 cult film Miracle Mile, in which a patron learns that a nuclear war is about to begin. The restaurant also appeared in a 1999 Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers music video, "Swingin;" in a 2003 Reba McEntire music video, "Somebody;" and extensively in Sean Kingstons music video "Beautiful Girls." The restaurant is seen in several movies, including Volcano, starring Tommy Lee Jones; The Big Lebowski, starring Jeff Bridges and John Goodman; Reservoir Dogs starring Harvey Keitel and Tim Roth; and American History X, starring Edward Norton. Johnie&#39;s was also featured in the 2000 film Gone in 60 Seconds with Nicolas Cage. Some scenes from award winning short film, Make Hay When Then Sun Shines, took place in the historic restaurant.</p><br>
<p>Johnies is located across from the May Co. department store, one of Los Angeles best examples of Streamline Modern architecture, on the Miracle Mile. The May Co. building is now part of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.</p><br>
<p>Johnie&#39;s was declared a historical landmark by the Los Angeles City Council on November 27, 2013.</p><br>
<p>On May 5, 2016 the coffee shop was renamed "Bernie&#39;s Coffee Shop" in honor of presidential candidate, Bernie Sanders. The shop retained that name and served as a campaign office until at least June 7, 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Church of St John the Baptist in Wellington, Somerset, England, dates from the 15th century and has been designated as a Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<p>A church on the site was previously known as St. Mary the Virgin.</p><br>
<p>The tower was built around 1510.</p><br>
<p>The current organ was rebuilt in 1997. It replaced one first installed around 1700. The church was restored several times during the 19th century. The carving of the centre mullion of the east window of the Lady chapel is a Lily crucifix, a rare symbol of Anglican churches in England depicting Christ crucified on a lily, or holding such a plant.</p><br>
<p>The church includes a monument to John Popham, died in 1607 having been Speaker of the House of Commons, Attorney General and Lord Chief Justice of England. It also has the first epitaph written in English on the tomb of Richard of Wellington a 14th-century priest. Previously they had always been written in Latin.</p><br>
<p>It is part of the Wellington and District Team Ministry within the Diocese of Bath and Wells.</p><br>
<p>The Circular Congregational Church is a historic church at 150 Meeting Street in Charleston, South Carolina, United States, used by a congregation established in 1681. Its parish house, the Parish House of the Circular Congregational Church, is a highly significant Greek Revival architectural work by Robert Mills, and is recognized as a USA National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Colonial origins of the church</h2><br>
<p>The congregation was co-founded with Charles Towne, 1680–1685, by the English Congregationalists, Scots Presbyterians, and French Huguenots of the original settlement. These "dissenters" erected a Meeting House in the northwest corner of the walled city. The present sanctuary occupies that exact site. The street leading to it was called "Meeting House Street," later shortened to Meeting Street.</p><br>
<p>The earliest records of the church were lost when a hurricane swept them from the manse, located at White Point (the Battery), in 1713. During the colonial period, this unusual church had no official name, but "suffered itself to be called either Presbyterian, Congregational, or Independent: sometimes by one of the names, sometimes by two of them, and at other times by all three. We do not find that this church is either Presbyterian, Congregational, or Independent, but somewhat distinct and singular from them all."</p><br>
<p>Many of the early ministers hailed from Scotland, England, Wales, and New England. The "old White Meeting House" was enlarged in 1732, only a year after 12 Scots families moved down the street to start the First (Scots) Presbyterian Church with a stricter Presbyterian government and doctrine. While many Presbyterians remained, the policy of this church "was not so much to define exactly a particular mode of their discipline, and to bind their hands up to any one stiff form adopted either by Presbyterians, Congregationalists, or Independents, as to be upon a broad dissenting bottom, and to leave ourselves as free as possible from any foreign shackles, that no moderate persons of either denomination might be afraid to join them. ”</p><br>
<p>Shaped by its independent mind and goaded by a colonial government that treated “dissenters” (non-Anglicans) with contempt, the church became a greenhouse for revolutionary sentiment in the colony. Prominent members of the Meeting House, and its distinguished minister, William Tennent (1772–1777), were frequently heard speaking for political and religious freedom. Tennent took his life in his hands when he made a wide tour of the Carolina back-country in 1775 to gain subscribers for the cause of independence.</p><br>
<p>The Archdale Street Meeting House separated in 1817 as the Second Independent Church, and later it adopted the name Unitarian. The congregation of Circular Church remained trinitarian under the pastoral leadership of the Rev. Benjamin Morgan Palmer (1813–1835). Noteworthy is the fact that Palmer was a special son of this church, born in Philadelphia just two weeks after his parents had been driven into exile there in 1781.</p><br>
<h2>The Church in exile</h2><br>
<p>When the British captured Charleston in 1780, this church was bitterly rewarded for its love of freedom by the illegal exile of 38 heads of families to St. Augustine (in Spanish territory) and then to Philadelphia. Their families were left destitute in an occupied city. The Meeting House, vacant since the cannonball episode, was used as a British hospital and left a shell. In 1782 the church-in-exile held a congregational meeting in Philadelphia where they made arrangements to call a minister to Charleston “as soon as may be feasible.” (Tennent had died in 1777.) Members remaining in Charleston began the week of British evacuation to rebuild the Meeting House.</p><br>
<p>By 1787, the congregation had built a second meeting house on Archdale Street to accommodate their growing number. For 25 years, Drs. Hollinshead and Keith, co-pastors of the church, preached one sermon in both houses each Sunday, alternating morning and afternoon services.</p><br>
<h2>Robert Mills' "Extraordinary" Building</h2><br>
<p>Charleston is a pious place</p><br>
<p>And full of pious people</p><br>
<p>They built a church on Meeting Street</p><br>
<p>But could not raise the steeple.</p><br>
<p>The people of Circular Church, as it was now popularly called, stopped the laughter in 1838 by raising a New England-style steeple that towered 182 ft above Meeting Street.</p><br>
<h2>From glory to destruction</h2><br>
<p>During the “glory days” of 1820-1860, Circular Church had a large congregation of white and black members. The first Sunday School for religious education in South Carolina was started here in 1816, and members founded the Charleston Bible Society, a prototype to the later American Bible Society. The membership included two governors of the state, prominent senators, the editor of the Courier, and many others whose voices made Charleston eloquent and who extended the influence of their church far beyond its walls. It also included many slaves and poor whose names were unknown to anyone beyond its walls.</p><br>
<p>The walls of the Circular Church were not long to stand. On December 11, 1861, a fire started near the Cooper River. During the night, a “hurricane of fire” swept all the way across the city, leaving in its wake the ruins of Old Circular. The American Civil War soon followed with its devastating effect. The black members of the church withdrew in 1867 to form the Plymouth Congregational Church.</p><br>
<p>The psychology of defeat continued to demoralize the church for more than a decade, and it was a chastened and much reduced congregation that gathered the brick from the overgrown ruins of the great 1804 meeting house and erected a new sanctuary in 1890. In January 1888, the congregation began the process of removing the materials from the old church.</p><br>
<h2>From independence to interdependence</h2><br>
<p>The church follows Jesus Christ in the radical way of progressive Christianity. Followers believe the Bible is truthful but not literal, that God is a living Presence but not a dominating white man in the sky, that Jesus is a person of the Spirit and of saving wisdom but not a sacrifice to an offended God.</p><br>
<p>Circular Church is aware of the needs of people on the margins of society. The church has founded the city’s first marriage and family counseling center, Charleston’s crisis intervention service (Hotline), Hospice of Charleston, and the Elder Shelter. Space and leadership have been provided to the Charleston Interfaith Crisis Ministry, Amnesty International, Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, Charleston PEACE, and other community organizations.</p><br>
<p>The congregation, international and multiracial, has been served for 15 years by part-time clergy, a reminder to the congregation that every member is called to priesthood and ministry.</p><br>
<p>Visitors are welcome both to explore the grounds and to explore the faith in worship, ministry, and life in community. They are one of the few congregation in the South that expresses its ecumenical commitment by belonging to two denominations, the United Church of Christ and the Presbyterian Church (USA).</p><br>
<h2>Church buildings</h2><br>
<p>The current church building was built in the Richardsonian Romanesque beginning in 1890 (the third on its site), to plans by Stephenson & Greene of New York, and its Greek revival-style parish house built in about 1806. The parish house was designed by Robert Mills, along with the original church on the site. The current church is not circular, but of a modified cloverleaf design, and continues to be known as the Circular Church.</p><br>
<p>The parish house, with twin stairways and wrought iron railings, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1973. Today the Circular Congregational Church is an active congregation in the United Church of Christ.</p><br>
<p>F.M. Howell and Company is a late nineteenth century manufacturing complex located on the banks of the Chemung River in Elmira, New York. F.M. Howell & Company was founded in 1883 in Elmira, New York by Fred M. Howell and John Aldrich. In its early years the company started out by producing wood and strawboard cigar and shoe boxes for other manufacturing companies. As this continued, they also added rigid paperboard boxes, and printing of box wraps and labels. Subsequently, this all led into the carton manufacturing, and plastic thermoforming for packaging. Later, on Howell got help from his cousin to help expand the companies horizons.</p><br>
<p>Of the five contributing buildings, four are located on the east side of Pennsylvania Avenue (Buildings 1, 2, 3 & 5), while only the Brand Building is located on the west side of the street. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>F.M. Howell and & Company was the oldest independent manufacturer for the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The Sims House at 513 N. State St. in Jackson, Mississippi is significant as one of the last surviving Queen Anne style houses on the state capitols "Grand Boulevard". Following construction of the states Beaux-Arts style capitol building  in 1903, North State Street developed as a tree-lined avenue of homes of state leaders. Notable Mississippi native Dr. Walter Scott Sims, who was the states first eye, ear, nose and throat specialist and who was a pioneer in eye cataract surgery, bought the property from Joseph Henry Morris in 1905. The house was built in c. 1905 for Sims.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. When listed, it was under restoration and was owned by descendents of Joseph Henry Morris.</p><br>
<p>Other notable homes on the street listed on, or eligible for, the National Register have included:</p><br>
<p>Merrill-Maley House (c.1907), 739 N. State St., Colonial Revival, (designed by Theodore Link?)</p><br>
<p>Will Watkins House (c.1908), 1423 N. State St., Colonial Revival, (designed by Theodore Link?)</p><br>
<p>Smith-Crowder-Capers House (c.1894), Queen Anne</p><br>
<p>Millsaps-Buie House (c.1888), 628 N. State St., Queen Anne, but remodeled c.1928 with a monumental Greek Revival portico.</p><br>
<p>Poundisford Park north of Pitminster, Somerset, England is an English country house that typifies progressive house-building on the part of the West Country gentry in the mid-16th century. The main house was built for William Hill around 1550 and has been designated as a Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<p>In addition to several buildings the park contains formal gardens which were originally laid out in the 17th century set within a medieval deer park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Poundisford was an appendage of the episcopal Taunton Deane estate, belonging to the Bishop of Winchester. The enclosure of the park is variously attributed to Bishop Henry de Blois (died 1171) or Bishop Peter des Roches (died 1238).</p><br>
<p>In 1534 the park was divided into two by Bishop Stephen Gardiner. The northern section of the park, including the original lodge, was leased to Roger Hill, whose son rebuilt the lodge. The southern area, as yet without a house, was leased to John Soper, who sold it to Hill’s son, William, who built the present Poundisford Park shortly after his return to England. The entrance front is an outstanding example of the approach towards symmetry of the English country house from its former expression of the hierarchy of its interior spaces. At Poundisford the great hall rises in the traditional way through two storeys and occupies its traditional place in the central bar of the H-plan. Its entrance porch rises through the facade to a gable that is matched on the opposite side with an oriel similarly rising through both floors to a matching gable. A central gable in the recessed central bay reinforces the symmetry of the entrance front.</p><br>
<p>The two linked properties were passed down in the Hill family until the late 17th century, when the Lodge passed out of the family by marriage.</p><br>
<p>In 1673 the Park was inherited by Sir Roger Hill, who already owned Denham Place in Buckinghamshire. In 1704 he sold the Park to Dr Simon Welman, a retired physician who died in 1708. Though before he died Welman also bought the Lodge, reuniting the two parts of the estate, when he died the Park passed to his elder son, Simon, and the Lodge to his younger son, Thomas. The park was held by Simon Welman&#39;s descendants until 1869, when it was sold to the Helyers who owned the Lodge, once again uniting the two parts; the estate remained intact until 1928, Vivian-Neal, a JP and alderman, and a keen antiquarian and archaeologist, paid £10,000 for the estate in 1928 and spent even more repairing and modernising the property, employing Anthony Methuen as the architect. The Vivian-Neals lived at Poundisford until 1994, when it was offered for sale at £600,000.</p><br>
<h2>Poundisford Park</h2><br>
<p>The three-storey house was extended with a dining room added to the northeast of the original house in 1692. In 1717 a stable, coach house and barn were added, with the service wing to the southeast of the main block being added between 1717 and 1823. The house is approximately H-shaped with entrances placed to the north and south. The design of the house was influenced by Barrington Court, often dated 1514, Nicholas Cooper suggests that it actually postdates Poundisford by a few years.</p><br>
<h2>Poundisford Lodge</h2><br>
<p>The Lodge, which predates the Park, is around 550 m north of the main house. The two-storey building is U-shaped, with the hall range extending from north to south and lateral wings extending to the north-west and south-west.</p><br>
<p>The lodge contains two fine late 16th century plasterwork barrel vaulted bedrooms and extensive decorative wainscoting. It has been designated a Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds</h2><br>
<p>The total site covers around 180 hectare including 2 hectare of gardens and pleasure grounds, and 178 hectare which were enclosed within the medieval park pale, which formed an elliptical shape, of which 40 hectare remains as parkland today. The park pale was a barrier to contain deer made of an earthen bank from 4 m to 7 m wide and up to 2 m high. They have been designated Grade II on the Historic England National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.</p><br>
<p>The Poundisford Park Pale, which has been designated as an Ancient monument is included on the Heritage at Risk register due to scrub and tree growth.</p><br>
<p>The Grove , located in Jefferson, Texas, is an 1861 historic home that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and is a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark. The house has also been called the most haunted place in Texas. The Grove’s history dates back to the 19th century, when the property was purchased and the house that became known as “The Grove” was built. The Grove has been featured in the television series If Walls Could Talk on cable channel HGTV and was chosen “as one of the top twelve most haunted houses in America” by This Old House. The Grove was also named as one of the "eight scariest places in Texas" by Texas Monthly magazine. The house was also shown in William Shatner&#39;s Weird or What? in 2012. Additionally, The Grove was featured on Penn & Teller: Bullshit! Texas Highways magazine has featured The Grove several times, including in articles "Haunted Places in Texas" from October 1997 and "Haunted Jefferson" from October 2008.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The structure exhibits many of the external features of a Greek Revival home, but closer inspection reveals the influence of Creole Architecture as well. The Grove is a one-story building constructed of wood – the beams and studs are cypress, covered with wooden lap siding. The house was built in 1861, and is a blending of two architectural styles: Greek Revival and French Creole. The unusual melding of these styles presumably comes from the fact that many historic homes in the surrounding neighborhood were built in Greek Revival style at the time, but since the original owner, Frank Stilley, was from Louisiana, he exerted a French Creole Architectural influence into the design. Because of the city of Jefferson’s ties to riverboat trade with Louisiana during the 1800s, it stands as a unique example of the region’s past.</p><br>
<p>The Grove has been fortunate that none of its contemporary owners have attempted to “modernize” or “renovate” the structure. The house today appears as it did after the 1930s remodeling, which made very few external modifications. By preserving the heritage and history of the house, it is hoped that The Grove will be a significant reminder of the region&#39;s past for our future generations.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land was originally given to Daniel and Lucy Alley, co-founders of Jefferson, in a land grant. On June 9, 1847, Amos Morrill, a lawyer and the first federal judge of Texas, purchased the property and built a log cabin there, where he lived while staying in Jefferson while traveling for his judiciary duties. Harriet Potter, common-law wife of the deceased Robert Potter, sought Morrills representation in Jefferson for her case against her husbands estate. This was one of the first cases for women&#39;s rights in Texas. Amos Morrill sold the property to Caleb Ragin and his wife Sarah on March 20, 1855.</p><br>
<p>On November 13, 1861, Frank Stilley and Minerva Fox, Stilley’s wife, purchased the land and built a house there, called The Grove.</p><br>
<h3>Ownership by the Stilley Family</h3><br>
<p>W. Frank Stilley was a Cotton Factor in Jefferson, Texas, and he married Minerva Fox, one of the daughters of the Fox Plantation in Marshall, Texas in 1860. Construction was started on a new home for the newlywed couple, paid for by the bride&#39;s father as a wedding gift. The home was completed in 1861, and the young couple moved in to start their lives together. Between 1870 and 1880 Minerva and Frank encountered some bad luck. First a flood destroyed Frank Stilley’s cotton brokering business. Mr. Stilley began to rebuild his business but by 1873, “The USA Army Corps of Engineers removed the Great Raft from the Red River... dropping the water level in Big Cypress Bayou to a point that shipping was uncertain and no longer financially profitable”. This hurt Mr. Stilley’s cotton business. In 1879, Minerva Fox Stilley died. After burying her in Oakwood Cemetery (Jefferson, Texas), Frank moved further west and settled in Weatherford, Texas, putting The Grove up for sale.</p><br>
<h4>Stockade Case</h4><br>
<p>According to the Handbook of Texas, during Reconstruction, a violent event known as the Stockade Case occurred; this case gave The Grove the reputation of being one of the most haunted sites in America. The Stockade Case began when "a northern carpetbagger George W. Smith arrived in Jefferson with four freed slaves and quickly made enemies by saying that ex-slaves wouldn’t be free until Jefferson burnt”.</p><br>
<p>The citizens of Jefferson became outraged after Smith’s speech and threatened his life. To help protect Smith, the Union Army placed Smith and his acquaintances in the public jail on Lafayette Street (a few blocks from the Grove) where they would be safe for the rest of their stay in Jefferson, Texas. That night, a mob full of angry locals gathered around the jail, where they “disarmed the Union troops, entered the jail, took the carpetbagger George W. Smith out, and shot him. The brutal act was completed when they took the four black men and either shot or hanged them along Moseley Street”. The military court records show the Grove as being one of the sites where the incident occurred.</p><br>
<h3>Ownership by the Rock Family</h3><br>
<p>The estate of Minerva Stilley, which oversaw the guardianship to the sons John R. Stilley and Frank F. Stilley, sold the Grove to Daniel C. Rock and his wife Amanda on February 1, 1880. The 1880 Census of Marion County gives the only clue to Daniel&#39;s identity, which is that he was a “bridge builder”. One could certainly speculate that with the clearing of the “Great Raft”, the depth and flow of all rivers in the area was affected, and this might be a lucrative profession at the time as rivers raised or fell to new levels.</p><br>
<h3>Ownership by the Burks Family</h3><br>
<p>The Rock family must have decided to move, because they sold the property in 1882 to Mr. T.C. Burks, but the property was returned within six months. There is no explanation as to why the Burks reneged on the deal, only that they did not wish to live there anymore. The Burks relocated to Athens, Texas.Index of Old Settlers’ Edition of Athens Review,</p><br>
<p>published August 2, 1901</p><br>
<p>Daniel and Amanda took back The Grove, and lived there another three years. In 1885, the Rocks moved to Paris, Texas, in Lamar County. While there is no indication as to the reason for their move, one might speculate that because of his profession, the bridge-building work may have dried up. The Great Raft of the Red River had been cleared by Captain Shreve and his crews, and the Big Cypress Bayou that allowed the steamships to service Jefferson had fallen in depth significantly. Daniel’s work in the area was probably done, and he moved on to find opportunity.</p><br>
<h3>Ownership by the Charlie Young Family</h3><br>
<p>On March 6, 1885, Charles and Daphne Young purchased the Grove; they were an African-American couple that had been born into slavery as children. Charlie was born on the Sam Smith plantation near Clarksville, Texas. After the slaves were freed, Charlie moved to Jefferson with his mother, where he apprenticed as a barber. In 1908, the Young family experienced a tragedy when the son, James, committed suicide at the house – he hanged himself on the back porch. His body is not listed on the family marker in Cedar Grove cemetery in Jefferson with the rest of the family, so no one knows where James was buried. Charlie and Daphne lived at The Grove until their respective deaths in 1938 and 1955. When Charlie Young died, he left The Grove to his oldest daughter, Louise.</p><br>
<h3>Ownership by Louise Young</h3><br>
<p>Louise took over ownership of The Grove, where she lived and cared for her mother, Daphne.</p><br>
<p>Daphne Young spent most of her life at the Grove where she took care of the gardens that she loved. After she died, her funeral was held at the Grove on the front porch, reportedly because “she could be near the garden that she loved so much one last time”.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s renovation of the home, however, Louise Young enclosed the back porch to make an indoor bathroom – so the bathroom of the house is therefore the place where her brother James took his life.</p><br>
<p>Louise, who the oldest daughter of the Youngs, lived her entire life at the Grove, except for the four years that she was away at Bishop College in Marshall, Texas earning a degree in teaching. “According to those who knew Louise, she was constantly frightened of something, since she had every interior door and window fitted with strong locks on them and installed strong lights to keep the yard lit”. Also, according to Robert and Anne Powell Wlodarski, writers of A Texas Guide to Haunted Restaurants, Taverns and Inns, Louise was always worried about someone getting inside the house. She reportedly “called the police on a regular basis complaining about prowlers”. Louise died in 1983 at age the age of 96, having lived her entire life at The Grove.</p><br>
<h3>Ownership by the Grove Family</h3><br>
<p>When Louise Young died, the property was purchased on November 9, 1983, by a couple named – interestingly enough – Colonel Daniel M. and Lucile Grove. Col. Grove was a retired military chaplain, and the pastor of the Mooringsport, Louisiana United Methodist Church. They started preparing the place for their retirement, since it had deteriorated somewhat. The roof needed replacing, there was damage to the porch, and the garden was hopelessly overgrown.</p><br>
<p>The Groves had the land around the house bulldozed, and began moving some of their antiques into the small west bedroom, where she could lock them away until the couple could occupy the house full-time.</p><br>
<p>Tragedy struck before they could finish the house and move in, however. Colonel Grove was diagnosed with Binswanger&#39;s Disease, which is a rare form of dementia characterized by lesions in the brain. It is a terrible affliction, and Mrs. Grove was forced to put the house up for sale.</p><br>
<h3>Ownership by Patrick Hopkins</h3><br>
<p>Lucile Grove sold the property to chef Patrick Hopkins on January 16, 1990. In her book “Best Tales of Texas Ghosts,” Docia Schultz Williams gave an account of how Patrick Hopkins came to own The Grove. The account is told in Mr. Hopkins’ own words: “One day in 1989 I received a call from Jefferson to my office at La Camarilla Resort, Scottsdale, Arizona, asking what it would take to bring me back to East Texas. My sister mentioned an idea we had both expressed back in 1976 on opening an old-house restaurant, hopefully in Jefferson. I flew back from Arizona and scouted the Jefferson and East Texas small towns looking for that ‘just right’ house. After making the usual circuit in Jefferson and seeing nothing new, I decided to return home and seeing Highway 59 in the distance, I thought that Moseley Street would lead right into it. Halfway down the street I saw a beautiful Greek Revival home almost covered with vines and underbrush, with a ‘For Sale’ sign on it.”</p><br>
<p>Patrick J. Hopkins and his sister, Mrs. Mary Hopkins Callas began repair and restoration of the house in order to open it as a restaurant. The pair are the children of Frank S. Hopkins and Miss Joan H. Wyland, who were married at the Immaculate Conception church in Jefferson. The Grove opened as a restaurant with a delectable menu, along with specialty nights such as dinner theaters and an annual celebration of Thomas Jefferson’s birthday.</p><br>
<p>The restaurant garnered rave reviews: “For me, the charm of this old riverport is the pecan cheesecake that Chef Patrick Hopkins concocts in The Grove” - Kent Biffle, Dallas Morning News; “I almost forgot I was in a restaurant. It feels more like I’m visiting friends here” - Kilgore News Herald; “The Grove is a great addition to the Jefferson scene. Such a delicious dinner, and delightful evening” - Connie Sherley, Author, "A Visitor’s Guide to Texas&quot “Wonderful food! Great service!” - Reg Durant, Marshall News Messenger.</p><br>
<p>The Grove would remain a restaurant for several years until Mr. Hopkins finally closed it.</p><br>
<h3>Recent history</h3><br>
<p>The current owners, Mitchel and Tami Whitington, purchased the house in 2002. Mitchel is an author and also works in the publishing industry, and Tami is an educator who is currently the English Department Chair at Jefferson High School. They discovered the house during a visit to Jefferson.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the Texas Historical Commission awarded The Grove (a.k.a. The Stilley-Young House) the distinction of a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark, marker #13675.</p><br>
<h2>The Ghosts</h2><br>
<p>The Grove has a vibrant history of unexplained happenings: voices, sounds of footsteps, moving objects, and other ghostly phenomenon. These stories indicate that the Grove is the most haunted building in Jefferson, and perhaps the most haunted site in Texas. According to Hopkins, the previous owner who turned the Grove into a restaurant, many mysterious events occurred while he was at the house. These events include mirrors falling off walls, loud wails heard coming from the upstairs, unexplained moisture in spots around the house, and the constant feeling of being watched. “Legend has it that the property lies in an area where several murders occurred, and several unmarked graves reportedly lie under or near the house”. Hopkins’s niece and her friends recall seeing a black man lying in the street, and as they went to see if he needed help, the man supposedly disappeared. This black man could be one of the men from the Stockade Case or another man that was rumored to have been hanged on the back porch of the house.</p><br>
<p>A ghostly woman has also been reported many times being around the Grove. She was spotted in the house by Hopkins right before he was opening up the restaurant. The woman has also been reported by a neighbor and her sister, who saw a “glowing white figure” on the porch. This woman has been said to be the original owner, Minerva Fox Stilley. She has often been seen walking beside the house, and then stepping up through a wall of the house. On the inside, she emerges from the wall and then walks across the width of the house. This strange path makes more sense when one considers that the wall that she steps up through was once the back porch to the house before the 1870 addition was made. Instead of stepping up through a wall, she instead is probably stepping up onto the back porch, coming through a door that was at the back of the house, and walking across to what would have been the children&#39;s bedroom.</p><br>
<p>The Daniel Cragin Mill, known today as the Fryes Measure Mill, is a historic watermill established in 1858. The mill is about three miles  west of the small town of Wilton in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire. For over 150 years the mills production has been unique woodenware and wooden boxes used for dry measuring boxes. Presently the mill&#39;s main production is Shaker-style pantry boxes and furniture pieces for the various Shaker communities and their museum gift shops. The mill was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Daniel Cragin era of 1858–1909</h3><br>
<p>Daniel Cragin was of Scottish descent. At the age of 21 in 1856 he was renting a room in the Putnam Bobbin Factory near the present day Fryes Measure Mill. Here he made knife trays and wooden toys that he turned into a full-time business. His initial cash investment to start the business was ten dollars. He soon turned a profit and in 1858 he purchased an existing small building at this site that eventually became known as the Daniel Cragin Mill. The watermill was run on water power that came from two nearby water sources, Burton Pond and Nathan Barkers Pond. The building was originally built by Eliphalet Putman in 1817.</p><br>
<p>By 1878 Cragin had added sugar boxes and dry measure boxes and had hired six others into his normal mill operations. He soon made mostly dry measure boxes which was the main part of his millwright enterprise at this Wilton location since it was more profitable. His hand made round containers were made in five sizes. These were one quart, two quart, four quart, single peck, and one-half bushel. Because of his success in sales by 1885 Cragin began selling these in full sets, or "nests", that were bound in iron bands. The dry measure volume containers sold varnished, plain, and rough, depending on customer wants.</p><br>
<p>Storekeepers, farmers, and fishermen needed a standard unit of dry measure for their trade products. This was so they could transact and carry on negotiations of their various commodities for bartering and selling. In the later part of the nineteenth century Cragin&#39;s reasonably priced dry measure containers were in much need for these various commercial entrepreneurs. He was able to sell many containers and full set "nests" in the later part of the nineteenth century and the first part of the twentieth century. Sometime later the national standard of measurement switched over to weights and the market for his dry measure containers used to measure units of volume of bulk commodities came to an end.</p><br>
<p>Cragin made a specialty type measure called a "piggin", which was a small wooden pail with a handle formed by continuing one of the staves above the rim. The wooden dipping pail was used for dyes in southern textile factories. Before the time electricity was readily available, the mill supplemented its needs with an 1871 one-cylinder steam engine for additional heat, to operate the kilns, and for additional energy for the steam vats. The antique engine is still at the premises of the mill.</p><br>
<h3>Whitney Frye era of 1909–1960</h3><br>
<p>In 1909 Whitney Morse Frye with his father, Dr. Edmund Bailey Frye, bought the mill from Daniel Cragin. The name of the mill then became E.B. Frye & Son. Frye was educated in engineering at Lowell Textile Institute and Dartmouth College and received an engineering degree. With this knowledge he redesigned and invented machinery and techniques for modern use to make the mill more productive. Frye continued the Cragin line of wooden trays, boxes, and pails in addition to his normal processing of grains. Later he added curry cards (combs for cattle), wool cards, ice cream freezers, and Shaker-style pantry boxes.</p><br>
<p>Frye added hydroelectric power to the mill sometime later. This was done by improving the existing water-power system to include a series of pipes from Burton Pond and Nathan Barkers Pond to provide a controlled water force, or "head", to maintain a system to generate electricity. It furnished the mills electrical needs as well as the electricity for Frye&#39;s nearby house.</p><br>
<h3>Harland Savage Sr. era of 1961–1981</h3><br>
<p>Harland Savage Sr. was first employed as a part-time worker after World War II at the mill. He was soon promoted to a full-time employee and then in 1951 to the general manager of the mill. In 1961 he purchased the mill and operated it until 1981 when he retired. At that time his son Harley and his wife Pam Porter Savage took over operations. They have operated Frye&#39;s Measure Mill to the present day.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1960s Shaker eldress Bertha Lindsay of the Canterbury Shaker Village asked Harland Savage Sr. if he would be interested in making Shaker-style oval boxes since their last skilled pantry box maker died in 1961. Frye&#39;s Measure Mill then added Shaker style boxes to their line of Colonial boxes and distribute to all the Shaker communities for their gift shop sales.</p><br>
<p>Frye&#39;s Measure Mill, originally the Daniel Cragin Mill, is the only remaining operating water-powered measure mill in the United States after some 150 years of operations. They offer a 90-minute historic tour of their facilities.</p><br>
<p>The Homestead–Horton Neighborhood Historic District encompasses a small turn-of-the-20th century neighborhood area in Brattleboro, Vermont. Located on a portion of Canal Street and all of Horton and Homestead Places, the district includes a significant number of Queen Anne Victorians, as well as the Italianate home of Jacob Estey, proprietor of the Estey Organ Company, one of the city&#39;s larger employers. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Homestead–Horton neighborhood is located southwest of downtown Brattleboro, on the southeast side of Canal Street, a major thoroughfare connecting the downtown area to Interstate 91. It includes all of the buildings on the south side of Canal Street, between Washington Street and Frost Place, and all of the buildings on Homestead and Horton Places, two dead-end streets extending southeast from Canal Street (but connected via an unnamed loop drive at their far ends). The area is physically separated from the nearly-adjacent Canal Street Schoolhouse and Canal Street-Clark Street Neighborhood Historic District by a steep slope, and is two blocks from the former Estey Organ Company factory. The district has 21 historically significant houses, most of them two-story wood frame residential structures, housing one or more units. Many of the larger, formerly single-family, houses have been converted into multi-unit housing. Most were built between about 1890 and 1915, and there has been little loss or major alteration to these houses since then. A few earlier houses survive, including a few Greek Revival structures, and the relatively modest early Italianate house of Jacob Estey, built on Canal Street in the 1850s.</p><br>
<p>Brattleboro experienced significant industrial growth in the late 19th century, which increased demand for housing at its various factories and mills. Prior to this time, this stretch of Canal Street had two estates on it: that of Jacob Estey, owner of the Estey Organ Company, and H.B. Horton, whose son Andrew was a superintendent of the local gas works. Jacob Estey died in 1890, and Brattleboro&#39;s streetcar line was run down Canal Street in 1895, increasing development pressure in the area. The two estates were subdivided, and Horton and Homestead Places laid out to build new housing on them. Between 1895 and 1915, fifteen new Queen Anne style buildings were constructed in the area, including ten quite large multi-unit apartment houses. Since the 1990s, the Windham Land Trust, a local preservation organization, has rehabilitated many of these properties.</p><br>
<p>Fountainhead  is a historic house located at 306 Glen Way in Jackson, Mississippi.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Usonian house designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1948 and was built during 1950-54 for J. Willis Hughes, who lived in it until January 1980. Its name is a reference to Ayn Rand&#39;s novel, Fountainhead.</p><br>
<p>Its 1980 NRHP nomination asserted it was the only Frank Lloyd Wright design in Mississippi, but in fact there are three other homes in Mississippi designed by Wright, in Ocean Springs.</p><br>
<p>The Hughes House has been a private residence since it was originally built and has never been open to the public. It is owned by Jackson architect Robert Parker Adams.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 28, 1980.</p><br>
<p>Hinds County Courthouse in Raymond, Mississippi, also known as Raymond Courthouse, was built in 1857. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Hinds County Courthouse, built during 1857-1859, is "celebrated as one of the state&#39;s finest Greek Revival public buildings". It was built by George and Tom Weldon, an architectural and contracting firm from the Natchez area that also designed the 1858 Old Warren County Courthouse in Vicksburg, 45 miles east, which is a National Historic Landmark. The design of the courthouse is credited to Jackson, a slave who worked as a draftsman for the Weldon brothers and also designed the Old Warren County Courthouse. As was true for many antebellum buildings, the workmen were also skilled slaves."</p><br>
<p>The Hinds County Courthouse in Raymond, Mississippi was constructed by the famous Weldon Brothers of Woodville, Mississippi in the Greek Revival Style and has been rated by the National Archives of History as one of the ten most perfectly constructed buildings in the United States. The Weldons were Scotch-Irish immigrants and were credited with the design and construction of numerous public and private buildings of the era including the Warren County Courthouse in Vicksburg. The Weldons trained 100 slaves in construction techniques and began construction in 1857 with completion in 1859.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse is an excellent example of the Greek Revival Style as it was applied to public buildings in the period which dated from 1820 to 1861and was near its end at the time of construction of the Hinds County Courthouse. Among the Buildings contemporaries of equal historic importance are the Old State Capitol Building in Jackson, built in 1839, the Mississippi Governors Mansion, built in 1842, and the Jackson City Hall, built in 1847. Of these four, the Courthouse at Raymond is unique in that its design is attributed to John Jackson, an African-American employed by the Weldons, perhaps, one of the building&#39;s most historic features.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s walls are constructed of load bearing masonry with stucco coating scored to resemble stone. All four elevations of the two-story rectangular building have two-story porticos with Doric columns and pedimented gables also constructed of load bearing masonry with stucco coating. The front and rear porticos have six columns and the side portico have four columns. An entrance to the first and second floors is located on each facade. The entrances on the second floor open onto balconies with cast iron railings. The corners of the building are accentuated with massive Doric pilasters. The first floor windows are six-over-nine double hung sash with iron shutters found on each side. The second floor windows are nine-over-nine double hung sash without shutters. Cast iron pediments top each window and entrance. Some of the buildings original innovations such as the forced air furnace were cut due to cost restraints. The Building, from its massive timber attic framing to the handmade brick and mortar that form its walls, is constructed almost entirely of locally produced materials. The cast iron detailing of the window surrounds speak to the early pioneer days of the Industrial Revolution and modern prefabrication techniques.</p><br>
<p>An 1857 issue of the Hinds County Gazette promoting the construction of the Courthouse states that the foundation of the building was complete and all the brick needed for the project was ready and that the structure will be an ornament to the village, and a monument of the good taste, public spirit and the liberality of the people of Hinds County.</p><br>
<p>This Building is an important milestone in the settlement and development of the county, the state, and the nation. The Building is an irreplaceable link to that important time in our history.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after completion of the courthouse, the Civil War brought disaster to the land and an end to the flourishing Greek Revival Period. During Grants campaign to capture the Confederate bastion of Vicksburg and following the nearby Battle of Champions Hill, in 1863, the courthouse was used as a field hospital. There are few records of damage that the Building may have sustained during the war. The earliest known photograph of the Building depicts a desolate structure with no lawn, trees, or landscaping improvements. There is no doubt, however, that this structure is otherwise much the same as we see today.</p><br>
<p>In 1869 the county was divided into two judicial districts. The first district was located in Jackson, and the second was designated for Raymond. As far as records indicate, the courthouse has been in continuous service since its original construction. The Building underwent some repair in the late 1890s, but the extent of those repairs are not known. A remodeling was also undertaken at about the same time on the Warren County Courthouse in Vicksburg. The exterior of the Warren County Courthouse was extensively altered and elaborate detailing was added at that time. Fortunately, the Hinds County Courthouse did not get the same treatment. Other repairs were made during the depression era and a final remodeling was conducted in the early 1950s with the addition of indoor plumbing, restrooms, elevator and cupola restoration. The old cupola had been lost in a tornado that struck in Raymond a few years previously.</p><br>
<p>Although Raymond is a small town today, in its beginning it held great prominence in the state because of its position as the county seat. A 1903 article appearing in the local paper described the importance of three Hinds County towns during the 1840s and 1850s.</p><br>
<p>The article stated that Amsterdam was the seat of commerce, Clinton the seat of learning, and Raymond the seat of Justice. Evidence of the town&#39;s growth and prosperity is in the many buildings that remain from that period.</p><br>
<p>Main Street in Raymond is dotted with historic structures. The wood frame Church of the Nativity of the blessed virgin Mary Catholic Church, with its Palladian windows, was constructed in 1885. The Depot was built in 1889. St. Marks Episcopal Church was built in 1855 and served, along with the courthouse, as a hospital after the Battle of Raymond. The Keith Press Building was constructed in 1830 and is located directly behind the courthouse. Collectively these and other structures define the architectural character of Raymonds historic downtown. With its massive size and location in the town center, the courthouse is the heart of the community. Rehabilitation of this building will assure its continued public use and preserve a key element of the historic fabric of the town and county.</p><br>
<p>-- From Historic Significance Report prepared by architects Canizaro Cawthon Davis prior to the 1999 exterior restoration</p><br>
<p>The Church of Our Saviour, also known as the Church of Our Saviour at Mission Farm, the Mission of the Church of Our Saviour and the Josiah Wood, Jr., Farm, is an historic Episcopal church and farm complex located at 316 Mission Farm Road, in Killington, Vermont. The church is a Gothic Revival stone building, built in 1894-95 of Vermont granite. In addition to the church, the 170 acre Mission Farm property includes a c. 1817 farmhouse, a guest and retreat house, a vicarage, a bakery and agricultural buildings. On October 29, 1992, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The Church of Our Saviour is part of the Three Rivers Regional Ministry of the Episcopal Diocese of Vermont, and the Rev. Lee Allison Crawford is the vicar.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Church of Our Saviour and Mission Farm are located on the east side of the Ottauquechee River, roughly across the river from the Killington Ski Resort to the west. The developed portion of the property is roughly bisected by Mission Farm Road (an old alignment of United States Route 4), with the historic farm complex on the west side and the church on the east side. The main farmhouse is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboard siding, with an attached converted carriage barn. The church, standing directly across the street, is a stone structure, with its tall main block oriented perpendicular to the street, a shorter cross-gabled side ell, and a square tower in the crook of the joint between those sections. Further south on the property stands a smaller wood frame building that now serves as a bakery.</p><br>
<p>The farmhouse was built about 1817 by Josiah Wood, Jr., whose father was one of Killingtons early settlers. The house is one of the best-preserved examples of period residential architecture in eastern Rutland County. Wood raised a large family here, operated a tavern, and was responsible for construction of the road. The property remained in the hands of various Wood family members, until it was repurchased in 1894 by Woods daughter, Elizabeth Wood Clement, who then donated it to the Episcopal Diocese of Vermont for use as a mission site. The church, built in 1894-95, was designed by Rutland-based English architect Arthur H. Smith, then one of central Vermonts leading architects. The church maintains an active mission, and the farms fields continue to see some agricultural uses.</p><br>
<p>Peyton House, also known as Waverly, in Raymond, Mississippi, in central Hinds County, was built during 1831-34. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The house was built by, and is significant for its association with, John B. Peyton (1797-1868), an early surveyor and settler of central Mississippi. Peyton was born in Fauquier County, Virginia in 1797 and came to Natchez, Mississippi in 1819. He worked as a surveyor for many years. He was elected major of the Mississippi Militias 18th Regiment in 1827. He was elected to the Mississippi legislature in 1828. According to the NRHP nomination for the property,In 1829, Peyton cast the deciding vote that kept the state capital from being moved to the town of Clinton and was challenged to a duel by Judge Isaac Caldwellof that community. Peyton, having the choice of weapons, selected rifles. No real damage resulted in the exchange of fire, but Caldwell was grazed by the ball from Peytons rifle.</p><br>
<p>The house is a one-and-a-half-story gable-front house with dormers and elaborate woodwork, built on brick piers. The gable end included a partial Palladian window, which had side windows and a rounded top window, but lacked an opening where the central window would go. The house was also unusual for having a lower-level room. The house&#39;s style is an adaptation of a Virginia style of home (or perhaps a specific Virginia house, presumably Waverly, house built in 1790 in Fauquier County, Virginia), modified to allow more ventilation needed in the Mississippi climate. The house has been modified somewhat from its historic form, including by adding a central window in the gable.</p><br>
<p>The property&#39;s livestock was seized by the Union Army after the 1863 Battle of Raymond, a significant battle in the Vicksburg Campaign. An order of Major General Ulysses S. Grant released the livestock, perhaps due to Peyton "being a strong Union man".</p><br>
<p>Peyton died in 1868 at the home, aged 70 or 71. He was known as the father of the town of Raymond and was its oldest citizen when he died.</p><br>
<p>The house was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) in 1936. According to the HABS report, the house was located on the Natchez Trace.</p><br>
<p>Griffin House in Moss Point, Mississippi is a Greek Revival building built in the mid-1800s. It is located on a 50 acre property overlooking the joining of the Pascagoula River and the Escatawpa River, about 5 mi in from the outlet of the Pascagoula to the Gulf of Mexico. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant as "one of the more architecturally and historically significant buildings in Jackson County...a good example of late Greek Revival architecture with Italianate influence... one of the few surviving mid-nineteenth-century residences in the area."</p><br>
<p>Its historical importance relates to its continuous association with the Griffin and Dantzler families, who were pioneers in the lumber industry of Mississippi. William Griffin opened the first successful lumber mill (in the state?). The house was built for Dr. Erasmus T. Griffin, son of William. It served as the business office for the Dantzler Lumber Company during the early 1900s. As of 1983, it was still in the family, owned by William Griffin&#39;s great-grandson A. F. Dantzler.</p><br>
<p>The Griffin House is a historic house at 200 High Street in Portland, Maine. Built in 1871, it is one of the citys finer examples of Second Empire architecture, and was an early example of the trend to build further away from the citys port district. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Griffin House is located in a residential area just north of Portland&#39;s downtown area, at the northwest corner of High Street and Cumberland Avenue. It is a large 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a mansard roof providing a full third floor, clapboard siding, and a brick foundation. The roof eave is modillioned, and the dormers projecting from it have segmented-arch tops and decorative surrounds. The main facade faces east, and is three bays wide. A side-facing stair leads up to the central entrance, which is sheltered by a porch supported by a bracketed square posts. Windows on the first floor are topped by a segmented arches with ears and brackets, while those on the second floor have eared gables. The building corners sport paneled pilasters.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1871 for Charles S.D. Griffin, an executive of the Portland Gas Company. It was built in the wake of the city&#39;s devastating 1866 fire, which destroyed a large portion of its waterfront. At the time of its construction, the area to the north was largely undeveloped. The house remained in the Griffin family until 1936, although it was divided into a two-family in 1876. It underwent a careful restoration in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Cothelstone Manor in Cothelstone, Somerset, England was built in the mid-16th century, largely demolished by the parliamentary troops in 1646 and rebuilt by E.J. Esdaile in 1855–56.</p><br>
<p>It is closely associated with the Church of St Thomas of Canterbury, which is a Grade I listed building, and contains memorials to many of the owners of Cothelstone Manor including: Sir Matthew de Stawell, died 1379, and his wife Elizabeth, and John Stawell, died 1603. The Stawell family lived at Cothelstone from 1066 until 1791.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cothelstone Manor was given to Sir Adam de Coveston by William the Conqueror, and there has been a house on the site since, during which time it has been in the hands of only two families.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War, John Stawell the lord of the manor fought on the side of the royalists and in 1646 went to London with a copy of his terms of surrender from Sir Thomas Fairfax. He was imprisoned for high treason and Cromwell ordered the destruction of his Elizabethan house by cannon fire. Only the left-hand wing and ground floor of the central block remaining and abandoned. In 1651 the lands were advertised for sale. After Charles II was crowned King of England and Ireland at Westminster Abbey in 1661, Sir John Stawell regained his place in parliament as Knight for Somerset however he died the following year.</p><br>
<p>His son, another John Stawell, was also a royalist, but during the Bloody Assizes following the Monmouth Rebellion he objected to the harsh treatment handed out by Judge Jeffreys. Stawell refused to provide accommodation for Jeffreys who then ordered two prisoners, Colonel Bovett and Thomas Blackmore to be hanged on the gateway of the manor.</p><br>
<p>Some repairs were carried out and the house significantly reduced in size, and then lived in as a farmhouse for the subsequent 200 years. The 17th-century Banqueting Hall, which may have been a Dower house, with 19th-century additions has survived.</p><br>
<p>In 1791 the estate, which consisted of 11 farmhouses, 54 cottages and two dwelling houses, was purchased by Edward Jeffries (died 1814). It was passed down through his family to his grandson, Edward Jeffries Esdaile (died 1867), who married the daughter of the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. Esdaile built Cothelstone House as a new residence between 1817 and 1820. Cothelstone House was demolished in 1968. Esdaile also rebuilt the old manor house in 1855-1856, to the style in which the Stawell&#39;s had lived before the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>It is now used as a venue for weddings and corporate events and has been used as a film location.</p><br>
<h2>Gatehouse</h2><br>
<p>The 16th-century gatehouse, has been designated as a Grade I listed building. It is included in the Heritage at Risk Register produced by English Heritage.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds and outbuildings</h2><br>
<p>During the medieval era the estate included a deer park on Cothelstone Hill which is 1.3 km away, orchards and ponds.</p><br>
<p>To the north and east of the house are formal gardens of around 1 hectare which was built over for a model farm in 1867, within the restored medieval park which is listed on the English Heritage National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.</p><br>
<p>The three-arched gateway was built in the 16th century to stand across the road rather than the drive but was relocated before 1908. At the end of the Monmouth Rebellion and the defeat of the Duke of Monmouth at the Battle of Sedgemoor in 1685 two men were hanged from the arch of the gateway.</p><br>
<p>South east of the house are a group of farm buildings dating from 1867 and earlier, some of which are centered around the 16th-century Cushuish Farmhouse.</p><br>
<p>To the north west 19th-century stables and coach house, a 16th-century gazebo, and 18th-century grotto.</p><br>
<p>Also within the estate is a wellhouse with a cut stone head dating from around 1500, inspired by an Agnes Cheyney, who married the local squire, Edward Stowel. It is still used as a water supply by the local manor and for the animals, and is being renovated.</p><br>
<p>On boundary bank at the northern end of the park on Cothelstone Hill is a ruined folly. It is 9 m high and built of rubble stone. The date of construction is unknown. It partially collapsed in the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>The grounds extend beyond the limits of Cothelstone civil parish into the neighbouring parish of Bishops Lydeard.</p><br>
<p>The Hamersley River is an ephemeral river in the Great Southern region of Western Australia.</p><br>
<p>The headwaters of the river rise east of Fitzgerald and just north of the South Coast Highway on an undulating sandplain on the edge of the Yilgarn plateau and flows in a south easterly direction. The river flows through the Fitzgerald River National Park winding through gorges cut into faults in the quartzite and schist of the Mount Barren formation until discharging into the Hamersley Inlet and on to the Southern Ocean.</p><br>
<p>Hamersley Inlet is a wave dominated estuary approximately 7 km in length with a depth of about 2 m with a total surface area of 2.9 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The river was named by the explorer and surveyor John Forrest in 1871 while on expedition in the area. He is thought to have named it after his future wife, Margaret Hamersley or her family</p><br>
<p>The river is an important drainage network in the National Park. The river flows very little under normal conditions but floods infrequently after heavy rain events.</p><br>
<p>The upper part of the catchment has been mostly cleared for agriculture but the lower part in the National park is in near pristine condition. Overall 20% of the river&#39;s catchment has been cleared.</p><br>
<p>The Mafinga Hills are a plateau covered by hills, situated on the border between Zambia and Malawi, in Southern Africa. These hills are composed of quartzites, phyllites and feldspathic sandstones of sedimentary origin.</p><br>
<p>This plateau has the highest point in Zambia, 2,339 m Mafinga Central. It once formed a formidable barrier between the Northern and Eastern Provinces that few but the best 4-wheel drive vehicles dared to cross, especially during the rainy season. The shortest road link between the two provinces is now eased by the rehabilitation of the Isoka-Muyombe Road, which traverses their lower slopes. As Muyombe is the district capital of the newly formed Mafinga District, any expedition to the Mafinga Hills would be wise to use Muyombe as a starting point (two guesthouses are available). Besides going through Isoka, Muyombe can also be accessed from the south via Chama, though this road passes briefly through Western Malawi&#39;s Vwasa Wildlife Reserve, or from the East via the Malawian town of Bolero on route S104. As there are no fueling stations near Muyombe, except for in Lundazi, Nakonde, or Rhumpi (Malawi), it is advisable that at least one vehicle&#39;s full tank of fuel be carried in jerrycans from one of these fueling stations into the Mafinga Hills. Note that the roads into the Mafinga Hills are passable in the dry season even in small vehicles, though needing high clearance and speeding along at 20-30 km/h, but probably impassable in the rainy season even with a 4-wheel drive vehicle.</p><br>
<p>To hike in the Mafinga Hills, it is appropriate to visit the local chief to inform him of the expedition&#39;s intentions and possibly request a guide. This is especially important as there is no formal tourism company set up in the area to take hikers into the mountains and informing the chief of your plans can assist in ensuring safety and that you have received proper information. Without the tourism company, there are no formal guides but the local chief or other headmen could recommend hunters or farmers in the area you wish to explore who know the area well to go with you. Be prepared to offer a gift of food to the chief (such as a bag of rice, flour, or sugar) and to provide food, shelter, and monetary compensation to any guide going with you. There are no designated trails in the hills so all hiking will be bushwhacking. The terrain is rocky with tuffs of grass that make it challenging to walk without twisting an ankle. There are no dangerous animals in the mountains, and seemingly too cold for snakes to inhabit. There are scattered springs in the mountains and the sources for a few different rivers meander through the valleys of the mountains that can be used as sources of water.</p><br>
<p>The Luangwa River, the major river of eastern Zambia, has its source in the Mafinga Hills.</p><br>
<p>Silver Lake Dam is located off Silver Lake Road, just outside the village of Woodridge, New York, United States. It was built in the 1840s to regulate Sandburg Creek, which provided water to the summit of the Delaware and Hudson Canal 10 miles  to the southeast. In 2000 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The 85 acre body of water it created eventually became known as Silver Lake, an attraction for visitors to the many Jewish summer resorts in Woodridge and neighboring communities. In the early 21st century the village of Woodridge, which owns the dam, has been working to repair it due to a leak.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>As built, the dam is a stone structure, with large mortared slabs encasing a dry rubble interior. It is 176 ft long, 5 ft wide along the top and rising 13 ft above the water level on the downstream side. There was a centrally located spillway 11 ft wide by 2 feet (50 cm) deep. Two 15 in cast-iron waste pipes controlled by large gate valves in the top of the dam next to the spillway went through the bottom of the dam.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1840s, improvements to the Delaware and Hudson Canal, which had been running through the town of Mamakating to the southeast for its first decade of operation, required a more reliable source of water for its crucial summit, or highest-elevation, section, between there and Napanoch. Sandburg Creek, which drains an area from around Woodridge down to near the canal&#39;s path at Wurtsboro before emptying into the Basha Kill, was identified as a creek which could be impounded to create a sufficient reservoir, and it was dammed at the appropriate spot, long before the area was developed and settled.</p><br>
<p>By 1895, as canal operations were winding down in the face of the displacement of that mode of transportation by railroads, which did not have to shut down in winter, records indicate the dam underwent major renovations and repair. The 1914 New York State Conservation Commission report that noted that also describes the dam as not markedly different from its original design or material.</p><br>
<p>At that time canal operations had ceased completely and the dam had become private property. The lake it created, referred to in the Conservation Commission report as Woods Lake, had become a major attraction for the new village of Woodridge and the Jewish summer resorts around it. Beaches developed at either end of the lake, and a few cottages were built along its shores.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, water undermined some sections of the original dam and caused a breach, draining the lake to merely one-quarter its size. The village sought and received state and federal grants to repair the dam and restore the lake, whose near-absence had hurt local business. However, the state Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC), the Conservation Commission&#39;s successor as regulator of dams, held up repairs while it considered whether to reclassify the dam as higher risk in case of failure, which could have raised the cost and forced a redesign. After eventually getting approval from DEC and putting the project out for bid, a redesign of the dam that preserved its historic character, the village suffered another setback when the lowest bid came back at $1.5 million, almost twice what the project had been budgeted for.</p><br>
<p>The Bailey House, or Case Study House #21, was registered as Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument #669, with the endorsement of then-owner Michael LaFetra, the Los Angeles Conservancy, and Pierre and Gloria Koenig.</p><br>
<h2>The Case Study House Program</h2><br>
<p>In January 1945 John Entenza, the editor and publisher of Arts & Architecture magazine, announced the Case Study House Program (CSHP). The program was envisioned as a creative response to the impending building boom expected to follow the housing shortages of the Great Depression and World War II. Entenza encouraged participating architects to use donated materials from industry and manufacturers to create low-cost, modern housing prototypes that might foster a dialogue between architectural professionals and laymen.</p><br>
<p>The highly publicized program ran from 1945 to 1964, spanning thirty-six individual designs, many of which were never constructed. The initial program announcement stated that “each house must be capable of duplication and in no sense be an individual performance” and that “the overall program will be general enough to be of practical assistance to the average American in search of a home in which he can afford to live.”</p><br>
<p>After returning from four years of fighting in WWII, Pierre Koenig was introduced to the CSHP through the ongoing publication of the avant-garde designs in Arts & Architecture magazine. By 1948 Koenig’s interest in modern architecture led him to transfer from Pasadena City College to the School of Architecture at the University of Southern California where he studied under Richard Neutra and Gregory Ain. In 1950, while enrolled at USC, Koenig designed and built his first steel-framed house for himself and his family.</p><br>
<p>Koenig’s first involvement with the Case Study House Program occurred while working in the office of Raphael Soriano on the Case Study House 1950 project. In 1956 he worked briefly with Archibald Quincy Jones on a steel house in San Mateo, California for the prominent property developer Joseph Eichler. Eichler and John Entenza were well acquainted and both were developing a keen interest in the potential of lightweight steel construction for residential architecture.</p><br>
<p>Koenig’s hands-on experience with steel construction and his mastery of the new arc welding process on the San Mateo house would prove influential for the rest of his architectural career. Entenza saw great potential in Koenig’s design work of the time and offered him a tentative invitation to participate in the CSHP when he “found the right house and the right client.” This period marked the beginning of what historian Esther McCoy would later identify as the second phase of the Case Study House Program, represented by “a concerted effort… to bring architecture into relationship with the machine.”</p><br>
<h2>The Bailey Commission</h2><br>
<p>In early 1957 psychologist Walter Bailey and his wife Mary commissioned Pierre Koenig to design a 1,200-1,300 square foot house upon a level site nestled within a Hollywood Hills canyon. The Baileys were later described in Arts & Architecture magazine as a “contemporary-minded” couple with no children and an informal lifestyle. This represented the ideal program for Koenig to realize steel framings potential to achieve a truly open plan design that capitalized upon the vast spans that steel facilitated.</p><br>
<p>By May 1958 Koenig had completed his construction drawings and begun collaboration with factories that were capable of producing the prefabricated steel bents. The bulk of construction took place from August to November of the same year, and by January 1959 the house was officially completed.</p><br>
<h2>Publication</h2><br>
<p>In February 1959 Case Study House #21 was published in Arts & Architecture and was lauded as “some of the cleanest and most immaculate thinking in the development of the small contemporary house.” As was standard for all CSHP participants, the house was opened to the public for several weeks of viewing.</p><br>
<p>A year later in 1960, a photographer named Julius Shulman (himself a Case Study client) was invited to photograph the Bailey House. The photographs he took would later become iconic symbols of California Modernism. As one article for L’Uomo Vogue described, Shulman’s architectural photographs of Case Study House #21 and #22 have “an enduring resonance and iconic power. Taken on the eve of America’s involvement in Vietnam they record the last glorious moments of American post-war hegemony and self-confidence and its unquestioned belief in the benefits of progress and technology.”</p><br>
<p>Nearly thirty years later in 1989 Shulman’s photographs of the Case Study Houses were exhibited at the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art in an exhibit entitled “Blueprints for Modern Living” which would ignite a “groundswell of interest in Modernism” and renewed appreciation for Koenig’s contribution to the California Modern movement, which had been largely forgotten during the 1970s and ‘80s.</p><br>
<h2>Significant alterations</h2><br>
<p>About 1969 Dr. and Mrs. Bailey relocated to the East Coast for professional reasons and put Case Study House #21 up for sale. Sadly, over the next thirty years a succession of owners exhibited “weaker commitments to maintenance and preservation” than the Baileys had demonstrated. Numerous ad-hoc renovations wreaked havoc upon the original design. Among these were the installation of several skylights and a fireplace.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s Koenig’s original kitchen was demolished and was replaced with a center-island cooking station. The slab-like white-vinyl-tiled floors that Koenig originally specified were replaced with wide-grout ceramic tiles. Years later Koenig would describe his impressions of the altered house by stating: “even though I knew what had been going on in this house it was a great shock to see it. My houses are like children to me.”</p><br>
<p>In 1997 an admirer of Julius Shulman’s photography, film producer Dan Cracchiolo expressed interest in the Bailey House after seeing some of Shulman’s photographs. He made an offer on the property of $1.5 million. The offer was accepted and Cracchiolo immediately commissioned Pierre Koenig to assist with ‘resuscitating’ the original design.</p><br>
<p>The meticulous restoration that followed would last for over a year, nearly twice the duration of the original construction. In recalling the process Koenig later described the difficulty of “finding the parts.” The mosaic tile that covered the walls of the interior courtyard proved particularly challenging. Restoring the essence of the original kitchen with state-of-the-art appliances also prove difficult. The wall-hung refrigerator of the original design was no longer in production by General Electric so Koenig modified three under-counter Sub-Zero Refrigerators by inverting the motor locations to conform to the plan. Koenig also retrofitted the house with state-of-the-art mechanical and lighting elements including an updated water heater and furnace housed in the utility core. When the process was nearly complete Koenig reflected on the restoration acknowledging “a weird sense of déjà vu in working on the same building forty years after I built it the first time” but confessing “a wonderful feeling about getting it right, again.”</p><br>
<p>Cracchiolo was not content with a purely architectural restoration and pursued reinstatement of the original furnishings as well. To replace the long-discontinued Formica entry cabinet shown in the famous Julius Schulman photograph, Cracchiolo commissioned Jerry McCabe, the original manufacturer, to repeat the design. Likewise, a black Naugahyde sofa was commissioned to the exact specifications of the original.</p><br>
<p>In a July 1999 Architectural Digest article describing the restoration process Cracchiolo acknowledged feeling “an edgy ambivalence between wanting, on the one hand, to restore Case Study #21 to its original condition of fifties ‘purity’ and, on the other to allow more expression of his own nineties needs and tastes.” One example he describes is his desire to display books rather than leaving the walls as pure and bare as the original Shulman photographs depict. In 2001 Pierre Koenig received the City of Los Angeles historic Preservation 2000 Award of excellence for his beautiful restoration of the Bailey House.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after publication of the Architectural Digest article a film producer named Michael LaFetra who had been looking for modern architecture properties came across the article and resolved to purchase the property. It came on the market shortly after and LaFetra’s offer was accepted. Within a week of the purchase LaFetra received a phone message from Pierre Koenig stating: “Hello, this is Pierre, your architect, and I want to talk.” Soon after LaFetra was told by Koenig that “he ought not to have to change anything in the house but, if he needed to, he should get in touch with him.”</p><br>
<p>Soon after a friendship began and by 2000 LaFetra had commissioned Koenig to design a new home for him on a beachfront lot in Malibu. After ensuring protection for Case Study House #21 by registering it as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument, the house was put on the market in 2002 to pay for the new construction. With Koenig’s permission LaFetra began work on a documentary to cover the design and construction process, but sadly in 2004 Koenig succumbed to leukemia and died April 4 of that year.</p><br>
<h2>Current condition</h2><br>
<p>In July 2006 Julius Shulman (at age 95) was invited to revisit Case Study House #21 to photograph it in its modern condition for the catalog of an upcoming auction at Wright 20. On December 3, 2006 the property sold for $3,185,600 to a female art collector from South Korea. This sale represented the second highest price of a Modern house at auction, just behind Mies van der Rohe’s Farnsworth House, which sold for $8 million. Reports of the sale describe it as a “watershed moment” in the public acceptance of Modernism as art, rather than real estate.</p><br>
<p>Shulman’s latest photographs offer a unique glimpse into the precision of Koenig’s restoration. Although Koenig’s completed house is nearly exact to the original design, subtle changes are present. Among these are a slightly altered tiling layout for the inner courtyard wall and a more elaborate fountain mechanism below. The can-like lights that are present throughout the space appear to have a darkened patina applied as compared to the original lacquered fixtures. Additionally, Cracchiolo apparently requested the introduction of semi-translucent glass on the bathroom walls for increased privacy.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>In describing his concept for Case Study House #21, Koenig stated "I was trying to develop" 1,300 ft&sup2; "in an efficient, social, and exciting plan that people could afford… I had thrown out all conventional thought because I had no patience with anything that had been done before." The Case Study program called for the design of mass-producible prototypes and Koenig appears to have accomplished this while adequately addressing site-specific factors.</p><br>
<p>CSH #21 is arranged along a North-South axis with a carport on the North side and a fully glazed South side to take advantage of the best view and maximum sunlight for winter months. Koenig opted for a compressed ‘L’ shaped plan to establish a linear progression from the carport and entry through the living space and out to the garden. This compression is achieved by opaque, steel decking walls blocking the unattractive views towards the “scrubby hillside” on the West and Wonderland Park Avenue on the East.</p><br>
<p>The main house is a 30’ x 44’ rectangular plan with a solid rectangular core housing the utilities – two full bathrooms and a mechanical room. Beyond this core lay two efficiently arranged bedrooms. The threshold through this interior courtyard/core provides increased privacy (visually and acoustically) for the bedrooms. By designing a central service core Koenig simplified the language of the perimeter condition to either standard sized sliding glass doors or opaque steel walls. The simplicity of the material vocabulary is what John Entenza found most appealing. When first visiting the house he described it as “a very pristine, clean design. Two details, one north-south, one east-west. One material for the roof, same one for the walls. Minimal house, maximum space.”</p><br>
<p>The steel framing system of the house is composed of four prefabricated steel bents 44’ wide x 9’ high, forming the interior of the house. In addition, three half-span bents are used to frame the covered carport. It is interesting to note that Koenig specified identical structure to the houses he worked on with Soriano and Jones – 8” I-section beams and 4” H-section columns. Rather than use a standardized 8’ dimension, Koenig opted for a 10’ spacing between bents for economy and to streamline the overall structure. Koenig frequently stated, “Steel is only as good as its detailing. In order to make exposed steel acceptable in the living room it must be so well detailed that the joining connections are imperceptible.”</p><br>
<p>Indicative of the changing context, the property is now surrounded by tall trees and shrubbery, replacing what was once a grand view to the south. This is clearly an adaptation to achieve greater privacy within the now densely populated Hollywood Hills canyon. As an article in House Beautiful magazine described, today “the building’s defiant simplicity stands in stark contrast to the fussy over-scaled residences that sit high on the hills behind it.”</p><br>
<h2>Evaluation</h2><br>
<h3>Technical</h3><br>
<p>The rigidity of the steel framing provided inordinate lateral stability in the East-West direction and the welding of channels to the top and base of each columns provided additional strength in the North-South direction for sufficient resistance to seismic forces and wind loads. These elements unify the building aesthetically and structurally.</p><br>
<p>Koenig made use of the sandwiched steel decking walls to conceal insulation, wiring and pipes. By piercing the roof over the bathroom and utility core, Koenig effectively penetrates the very core of the house with the exterior components of light, water, and plants. This provides an acoustical buffer between living and sleeping areas and underscores the airy, natural feel of the house.</p><br>
<p>The furnace housed in this utility core supplies heat to the main space through heating ducts, which are arranged along the base of the glass walls for maximum efficiency. During the winter the lack of overhangs provides maximum passive heat gain, and the installation of the original Koolshade panels in the summer was meant to minimize excessive heat gain in the summer.</p><br>
<p>The circulation of pond water up to the gutters and its descent back through the roof scuppers represents a remarkably early experimentation with environmental control systems. As James Steele described in his monograph of Pierre Koenig, “the strategy is both pragmatic and lyrical; the water has some cooling properties and the hard building edge at the ground level is softened by the reflective surface.” Additionally, this circulation eliminates the need for chemical treatment of the water.</p><br>
<h3>Social</h3><br>
<p>Although architects of the second phase of the Case Study House Program never gave up their belief in the potential of steel framing for residential construction, the public never embraced the material. As Elizabeth A. T. Smith explained: “Unfortunately, the economic pressures of the era were pushing residential construction another way, to accommodate the merchant builders working to deskill building tradesman and architects, and to glorify the add-ons and fix-ups of Mr. Homeowner and Mrs. Consumer, the stock characters of American advertising lobbying of the 1920s and 30s.” Although they imagined factory-based industrial materials could be more economical then traditional wood framing, this was never realized. As such steel-framing faced social and economical obstacles. In the end, the Levittown paradigm would dominate America’s mass housing strategy in the post war era.</p><br>
<h3>Cultural and aesthetic</h3><br>
<p>By painting the walls and ceiling white and maintaining the factory-applied charcoal Perma-Bar sealer coating on the steel, Koenig created visual emphasis on the structural skeleton. By expressing the volume as a simple box without overhangs Koenig underscored the simplicity of the rectangular forms. The entire composition whispers of understated elegance.</p><br>
<p>The fully glazed North and South walls blur the interior and exterior – a common goal of the Case Study Houses. Describing the aesthetic goals of the movement Koenig would later explain: “We moved garages to the front and living rooms to the back to put them closer to the yard… We used steel, which in addition to being economical gave us a different living environment. It opened up the plan, letting us use more glass to create more light, which helped heighten the relationship of the interior to the exterior.”</p><br>
<p>Koenig’s inclusion of the ponds around the perimeter of the house allows the structure to read as if it is floating. As Elizabeth A.T. Smith described in Blueprints for Modern Living, “reflections of trees and sky intermingled on the water’s surface with the pure lines of the house’s contour…humanized through the merging of the technological with the natural.”</p><br>
<h3>Historical</h3><br>
<p>Although CSH #22 is more recognizable, CSH#21 is arguably the finest example of Pierre Koenig’s steel-framed houses. It is widely considered to represent the highest point of the Case Study House Program’s success. As Neil Jackson stated in his monograph of Koenig, “The Bailey House represents the ultimate refinement of an ideal developed by Koenig in his early houses and built upon through his experience with Soriano and Quincy Jones. It was the simplest of solutions achieved in, apparently, the most effortless way and was a remarkable achievement for such a young man.”</p><br>
<p>David Hay aptly summed up the importance of CSH #21 - both then and now - when he wrote: “Back then, Case Study House 21 was a brilliant response to the design spirit prevalent in Los Angeles — “be modern, be decisive.” Now in its restored state, it is a powerful reminder of a time in southern California when architecture insisted on invention.”</p><br>
<p>Saka Haphong  is a peak in Bangladesh, often considered the highest point of the country, with an elevation of 1,052 metres . Located on the Bangladesh–Burma border, it is situated between Thanchi, Bandarban, Bangladesh and the Chin State of Burma.</p><br>
<p>Saka Haphong is not officially the highest peak of Bangladesh, but maps and other data indicate there are no higher peaks within the country. In February 2006 a GPS reading of 1,064 metres was recorded on this summit by English adventurer Ginge Fullen. The location he recorded, 21°47′11″N 92°36′36″E / 21.78639°N 92.61°E, accurately matches the location given by Russian topographic mapping and SRTM data, although these sources show its height to be slightly lower, at 1,052 metres. Recently two trekking clubs counted the height of Saka Haphong as 3,488 and 3,461 feet respectively. Any of these figures would make it the highest mountain in Bangladesh, exceeding the height of Keokradong which is 3,172 feet high.</p><br>
